Brain Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brain Research - test ExampleSuch factors made me realize that I want to receive more about the wiz and its functions, how tumors and cancers are developed in it and answer many more questions about the amazing organ. This, in part, whitethorn have been for the want of understanding and probably preventing my family from developing brain tumor because as they say, much(prenominal) distemper is hereditary. Although such fear may be unnecessary, I understand that knowing more about the unhealthiness will not sole(prenominal) enable me to help myself and my family but I can assist new(prenominal) people as well. The growing number of cases of brain tumor and cancer suggests that there is a pick up for more professionals who are well-equipped and able to help patients and I want to be a part of such medical team.In joining the program, I foresee myself developing strong query skills. I know that I will be working alongside qualified and efficient trainers so it is expected that I will be learning a lot about the processes of medical research. Moreover, since research is not scarcely gathering information but assimilating them as well, I will be able to purify my scientific and critical thinking. Besides, scientific and critical thinking have always been important considerations not only in the medical field but other professions as well. I also want to bump off experience with cutting-edge research techniques which I believe the program provides under the able hands of the carry professors and trainers. Consequently, I know that I will benefit from attentive mentoring.In addition, research is becoming a must in almost all fields of study so I want to take in myself for such tasks in my pursuit for further studies. I want to become comfortable in a research environment because I know I will be doing it not only in the university but also in the profession I am tracking. In fact, I see research as an essential part in the

Eminent Domain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

r befied Domain - Assignment instanceTherefore, in this book, Epstein answers four questions What constitutes a fetching of private property? When is the taking not compensated? When is the taking for public use? And when is the taking compensated in cash or in kind? Ryskamp John. The Eminent Domain Revolt Changing Perceptions in a newly Constitutional Epoch. New York Algora Publishing. 2007. This book gives an invoice on the anger against the idealistic domain. It provides an in depth analysis of the profound level-headed issues and proposed changes that are utmost a head of seizing of property and regulations of land use. Ryskamp gives a report on the law and administration of eminent domain after the decision of the Supreme Court on the outcome of Kelo versus the city of New London on June 2005. The book also explains the need for all states to start debating on how to reform their eminent domain laws for it is unconstitutional. Although some legal scholars may not agree with Ryskamp on this issue, this book convinces many readers that they must begin to understand the legal principles involved in this controversy surrounding the eminent domain. Aspen Publishers. ... Among the cases or legal briefs covered in this book is the case of Kelo versus the city of New London. The book provides a super analysis of the case and how the Supreme Court ruled on the same. The book is keyed to particular casebooks by title or author for greater student accessibility. Scaros E. Constantinos. Understanding the Constitution. Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett Learning. 2010. The constitution of get together States of America was created so many years ago but its historical importance and value tranquillize impact the lives of many significantly. Constantinos book, Understanding the Constitution, enables the readers to understand and appreciate the United States constitution and its significance on individuals chance(a) lives. The book also gives analysis on the relevant topics, such as the controversial eminent domain, that are hotly debated. It provides a good understanding of the eminent domain, the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment and their provisions. Without making impudence on previous knowledge of the law, Constantions book is an ideal reader friendly introduction to constitutional law. Malloy capital of Minnesota Robin. Private Property, Community Development, and Eminent Domain (Law, Property and Society). Publishing, Ltd. 2008. This book discusses the fundamental relationship between the governing body and its citizens and among the citizens themselves. The discussion is centered on the recent ruling of the US Supreme Court on the case of Kelov versus the city of New London (2005). The case involved the use of eminent domain power by the state to transfer private property from Kelov to another private party who would economically make ameliorate use of the land. Although the Supreme

Generic and specific skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Generic and item skills - Assignment ExampleSkill defines the ability to execute an undertaking to a predefined level of competency. A clench of generic skills is important in the reflexion industry. Generic skills, which include but are not extra to computing skills, communication, ICT skills, problem solving skills, and team working skills are essential qualifications valued by employers (UK care for Employment and Skills, 2014, 1). They supplement the special and technical skills of employees. The varieties of generic and special skills are available in the mental synthesis market, which also includes service delivery and supply of materials. Most companies often offer training in generic skills, but specific skills are normally acquired in learning institutions.In China, the construction market constitutes a large percentage of the countrys GDP. The Chinese construction market is growing at a significantly rapid rate. Specific skills such as technological skills are in dema nd in the construction industry. Design engineers and architects, for instance, require special skills to come up with designs of houses and roads, and examine the structural components of construction. Despite the senior high unemployment levels, employers still complain of skill deficits (Klosters, 2014, 9). Staffs with generic skills are often subcontracted to work on contractual basis. Unfortunately, outgrowth of managerial skills has not been efficient because systems of management largely remain the same (Ahmad and Ryan, n.d., 1). The countrys sign of economy creates several jobs in the construction industry, hence the increase of several construction companies. flush so, construction enterprises and design institutes have shown little interest in developing skills required in the construction industry. Even so, the competition between Beijing, Hong Kong and Shanghai means that the industry has potential. Both India and China have shown interest in investing in their

Can the World Still Feed Itself Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Can the World Still have Itself - Assignment Examplethose comprised in Europe, regarding enhancing agricultural production for the purpose to augmenting brawn sources would eventually take its ships bell in terms of providing an imbalance in food supply. Likewise, in that respect was also reference to preferences for organic food, condemnation to GMOs, and relentless indifference to potentially endangering water sources to oblivion.At the onset, one could initially be swayed by the assertions of Brabeck-Letmathe prone his credentials and authoritativeness on the subject matter. In the capacity of Nestles chairman, he should have the competencies to be holistically equipped with relevant information, updates, and future trends pertaining to food production, the global organizations thrust, he apparently leads. As such, through the same capacity, he could likewise possess latent bias, in terms of opposing the single-valued function of these nations alleged pursuance of increasin g agricultural production for the objective of augmenting energy sources, instead of being at last serving the food needs of the global population. By diverting the purpose, most of the agricultural harvests would be earmarked for energy sources, rather than being considered inputs for his global organization. His fear of apparent raises in food prices should not therefore stubble from overabundance in agricultural production, which should supposedly drive the prices down and not up. Likewise, there could be a tinge of ironic tone as exemplified in his arguments that other food alternatives (organic food and GMOs) seem to gain imply cuts from the market shares of Nestle, in general, as the food giant in manufacturing, processing, canning, preserving and stocking supermarket shelves. In this regard, one deduces that although there could be points that could be considered valid such as the continued increase in food prices barely the factors contributory to these increases are var ied and not limited to the supposedly diversion to produce biofuel. One has had the

What is the object of copyright How should the law define the 'work' Essay

What is the object of copyright How should the law define the work in the context of literary station - Essay ExampleThe copyrights interpretation and protection is mainly related to the indigenous founding of the work. It does not apply to the idea that underlies its creation. As such(prenominal), copyright protects the presentation of the idea. For instance, an idea behind a contain is not protected but the presentation of the idea in the form of a book through with(predicate) the content is protected. This means that other individuals can similarly utilize the same idea and write a book based on that idea however, they cannot claim copyright if the content of the book is copied or if it is an edition of another writers presentation of that idea (The UK Copyright Service, 2004).Names, titles, phrases and specific colours be ineligible to be granted a copyright, because they are not considered to be unique or distinct. They are also not sufficiently tangible to be protected b y copyright law. However, a logo which contains alone these components can be protected by copyright. Therefore, the form in which an idea or a seminal work is presented can be protected by copyright law. Nevertheless, just the idea behind such a presentation cannot be protected (The UK Copyright Service, 2004).The Institute for Public Policy Research or the IPPR claims that millions of consumers infringe the copyright law by illegally copying the content of CDs and videodisks. The usual practice is to store the content of CDs and DVDs on ready reckoner hard disk drives or on optical discs. This practice makes it look as though on that point is some kind of private right to duplicate copyrighted content. According to Ian Kearns, Deputy Director of IPPR, the existent English law with regard to copyrights cannot counter the unlawful practices adopted by consumers, due to the sophistication of the engineering science employed (HOME NEWS, October 30, 2006 Pg. 15 ).The existing law provides a legalised private right to copy, to the people. Under this private right, consumers are freely copying the contents of CDs or DVDs onto their

Why education is important in todays society Essay

why education is important in todays society - Essay ExampleIt, for example, promotes ones understanding of their surroundings. Consequently, the individuals shoot for to know where to look for suitable opportunities. If in need of special services, such as writing wills, or even seeking legal advice, they know where to access the services, unlike the uneducated. Such population access info that they require easily, compared to those who do not have an education. They understand how different organs in the society function, which promotes their reenforcement standards as they seek help in the right places. Therefore, education benefits the society greatly as the hoi polloi in the society lead informed lives.Educated people focus on living a better life, than their past life. They do this by improving their current situations for the better. Such people unite, and form groups that slew drive change in the society. Those in areas that lack adequate essential services, for exampl e, medical care, strive to enhance the standards of medical provision. Educated citizens in areas that have inadequate schools work on improving the education system. These efforts turn over to the development of the society, which yields positive progress in the society.According to Green and Shearman (2012), education serves an important function of allowing people to live together in harmony. Schooling integrates people from diverse backgrounds. These people realise to live with individually other, and appreciate the differences among them. Education also proves that one cannot survive without mutual support as the studies require them to discuss, and learn from one another. Consequently, these traits get transferred to the society, which appreciates harmonious living.Education can be used to gain economic independence in society. Educated people can get employed in the different sectors of the economy, depending on their qualifications. The conflict results in a steady inco me, which promotes the well being of the employed persons. The educated fellows can

Communication Justice, Rights and Law class task 1 Case Study

Communication Justice, Rights and Law class task 1 - slip Study Example fit to Article 33, it is the countrys responsibility to discourage racial, parochial, sectarian, tribal, and provincial discrimination among the citizens. In this case, Kinyua (2014) asserts that the citizens in context are Muslim citizens.As it has been indicated above, Pakistan is a Muslim country where every person deep down the con prettyment of her territories, including Asia Bibi and her family, are required to heed to these provisions. The fact of this matter is that Asia Bibi was living within the Pakistans territories. In this case, she was under the laws and regulations that governed the nation. In this case, it is reported that she insulted her fellow workers in the hit of Islam. Accordingly, she takes water from the same well as the Muslims. Not only did she commit the heinous act, but also she professed her religion (Christianity) by indicating that it is superior that Islamic. According to the ev idence presented during the proceeding, Asia Bibi committed a capital crime of blaspheming prophet Mohamed. All these offences committed by Asia Bibi conceptualize specified punishments according to .Section 295 C of the Pakistan Penal Code.., Bryant (2009). The penal code provides for 3 years irons for making any sound or uttering of any word or making any gesticulate with deliberate intent of hurting the religious feelings of other persons. In addition, mandatory Death sentence and fine are provided in section 295C for any person who uses derogatory remarks, written, spoken, indirectly, or directly defiles or blasphemes the name of Muhammad. Furthermore, the section affirms that the presiding judge in this matter should be a Muslim faithful and the witness presented by non-Muslims will carry less weight in such proceedings.In this case, Asia Bibi was legally and properly convicted of the profanation charges and hence the death sentence issued and the fine imposed was done acco rding to the provision of the law,

Dispencing a contraceptive pills for minors without parental Research Proposal

Dispencing a antifertility pills for minors without parental permission - question Proposal ExampleProviding access to contraceptive pills has its pros and cons. It can be considered a good thing as it reduces the risk of pregnancy, however at the same time if parents do not know about their minors activities it can be harmful to the child in the future. Taking contraceptive pills can birth long term effects like hypertension and abnormalities in glucose tolerance. In my research I extend to answer question as whether parental control is necessary or not for the provision of contraceptive pills.During I research I came across several journals and articles which answer my questions. Article like Adolescent contraceptive method by Rochelle A. Turetsky, M.D., Victor C. Strasburger, M.D., and Fertility Effects of Abortion and Birth Control Pill Access for minors by Melanie Guldi are some of the articles which talk about the different options available for contraception. These artic les also discuss the laws cerebrate to confidentiality and access to contraceptive pills to minors. In my research I have used these articles and many others to help me proffer strong argument for my

Slavery During the Antibellum Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slavery During the Antibellum Era - Essay ExampleHe highlighted the agenda of the South to spread slavery to the rest of the nation. The standard of living of the Negro slaves of the South in real terms was good, according to him. Their family life was free from tensions and the aged and infirm were properly taken commission of. Women could look forward to the protective umbrella of their masters against the highhandedness of their husbands. He made an interesting observation near the conditions of labor in the northmost. We do not know whether free laborers ever sleep. They are fools to do so for, whilst they sleep, the wily and watchful capitalist is devising means to ensnare and exploit them. The free laborer mustiness work or starve. He is more of a slave than the Negro, because he works longer and harder for little allowance.(George Fitzhugh)This line of thinking was his original contribution to the issue of slavery.Abraham Lincoln possessed the inherent capability to fore cast the public opinion, one of the greatest traits of a successful politician. He had the good measure of the issues that divided the North and the South and personally he was not an abolitionist. He advocated that the nation cannot remain half-free and half-slave, on a eternal basis. Supreme Court Ruling, 1857 in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case sealed the fate of the black race. It read thus. . . . there are cardinal clauses in the constitution which point directly and specifically to the negro race as a differentiate class of persons, and show clearly that they were not regarded as a portion of the people or citizens of the organization then formed. (Roger B. Taney)The struggle for abolition slavery turned more intense with the legal position fine by the Court. The court opined that Negro race was a separate class of persons. Denied of legal protection for getting equal status the Negro leadership and society turned cynical and began to adopt violent alternatives to sacrosan ct their rights.Fitzhugh argued,

-----anything you want------ Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

-----anything you want------ - Research Paper ExampleHowever, this act has do more harm to the lives of Ameri abide citizens than good. There is no doubt that the U.S. Patriot practice intrudes upon the privacy of Americans, promotes censorship, initiates racial profiling, and lastly takes the issue of national security too far. First, the U.S. Patriot playact is unconstitutional because it intrudes upon the privacy of American citizens by violating their First and Fourth Amendment rights. The nature of the U.S. Patriot Act is an issue that still remains a mystery as Congress quickly passed the bill without much debate (Cornhels 1). The bill itself contains four cardinal laws and expands the definition of terrorism drastically (Cassell 13). The First Amendment rights of freedom of speech along with freedom to assemble argon rights that most Americans hold dear to their lives, but at a time actions such as civil disobedience, and protests, are now being defined as domestic terror ism under this lawmaking (Cornhels 2). A sixty-two course old elderly man found his rights to be jeopardized as he was arrested based on his beliefs slightly the bombings in Afghanistan (Cassell 6). Under the Patriot Act, a clause known as Section 215 terrorizes Americans because it breaks the 4th and fifth Amendment, which ensures the privacy of individuals (Reform the Patriot Act 2). ... It was clear that these initiatives were an all-out attack against the American public itself. pecker Swire, a professor at Ohio University, reports that FBI officials are putting pressure on telecommunication companies to turn everywhere records (Chang 49). Already concerns have been raised by the public whether sharing the information with federal agencies and local legal philosophy is legal (Cassell 26). As Jim Edwards puts it, The Patriot Act is already having a chilling effect, even in the areas where it does non apply (Edwards 1). This law, however, does not affect US citizens only in fact, the Canadian government has also passed legislation to comfort its citizens. In Canada, a law has been created that prevents any public institution to store any hidden information in the U.S. (Reform the Patriot Act 1). Even Universities in Canada are striving to protect their students private information from USA (Reform the Patriot Act 2). Nova Scotia and B.C. legislations have set strict guidelines on public institutions when it comes to sharing information with companies outside the USA (Reform the Patriot Act 1).Therefore, the U.S. Patriot Act is unconstitutional because it violates the constitutional given rights of Americans. Secondly, the Patriot Act is unconstitutional because it promotes censorship. Section 215 in the U.S. Patriot Act is a fatal blow on libraries because it allows government to see records of a persons arrest list (Smith 96). What is even worse is that the individual has no clue whether Section 215 has been used on him since the libraries can not disclose any information (Smith 98). A survey conducted in December 2001 by University of

Cell proliferation experiment, Immunoprecipitation and western blot Essay

Cell proliferation experiment, Immunoprecipitation and western office experiment, cell imaging experiment - Essay ExampleThe arrest of this act as was to elucidate the mechanism by which cp250 causes tumors and identify which communicate pathways were activated by its guarding to the cell. The first experiment looked at the effect of cp250 on cell proliferation and compa rubicund it to the effect of the growth reckon PDGFA and the second and third experiments looked at which pathways were triggered by the binding of cp250 to hepatocytes.The butt of this experiment was to determine whether cp250 caused cell proliferation in hepatocytes and also to establish whether it was recognized by the same sense organ that bound the growth factor PDGFA.As shown in Table 1, cp250 and PDGFA clearly have similar effect on cell proliferation. Hepatocytes that were treated with either cp250 or PDGFA both showed an increase in proliferation as compared to cells that were non given either. Mor eover cp250 and PDGFA appear to bind to the same receptor, PDGFR. There does not appear to be whatsoever synergism when both are used together. Hepatocytes that were treated with antisense RNA to the receptor prior to incubation with the ligands did not show a significant increase in proliferation. In addition, scrambled siRNA that does not target every cellular mRNA does not affect the binding of either cp250 or PDGFA to the receptor. This indicates that the binding of cp250 is specific to PDGFR.The undermentioned step was to identify which downstream elements in the signaling process were activated on binding to the receptor. In order to do this, hepatocytes that were treated with cp250 and PDGFA were lysed and complexes that were formed were pulled down with an antibody to the receptor. Western blots with antibodies raised against different downstream signaling molecules were performed to identify which components were complexed with the receptor after activation. Controls were performed with cells treated with water. As can be seen in Fig.1A, cp250 and PDGFA both bind to the receptor PDGFR, confirming the first experiment. From Fig.1B, it can be seen that Phospholipase gamma 1 (PLC1) is recruited to the receptor after interference with either cp250 or PDGFA. From Fig.1C, it can be inferred that autophosphorylation of PDGFR and phosphorylation of PLC1 take place, indicating the activation of PLC1 takes place once it is recruited to the activated receptor.Confocal MicroscopyThe aim of this experiment was to confirm the activation of the inositol phospholipids pathway and further characterize the downstream signaling pathway come off by the binding of cp250 to PDGFR.The confocal images show that when rat hepatocytes transfected with EGFP-tagged PLC1 are treated with either cp250 or PDGFA, the PLC1 is localised to the cell membrane, indicating their recruitment. This localization is markedly absent in cells treated with water alone. On addition of the red fluorescent Ca2+ sensing dye X-rhod-1, there is an increase in red fluorescence in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes treated with cp250 or PDGFA but not with water. This indicates that the IP3 signalling pathway has been activated upon binding of the viral protein.DISCUSSIONThe present work was intended to try and deduce the probable mechanism by which cp250 acts upon the hepatocyte and causes tumorigenesis. Given its similarity to the growth factor PDGFA, it seemed reasonable to postulate that it bound to the same

Significance Of Training And Development In Employee Retention Research Paper

Significance Of Training And education In Employee Retention - Research publisher ExampleDevelopment of employee capacity can also include involvement of employees in developing disposalal policies (Shields 2007). It promotes goal ownership among the employees and reduces overreliance on the management regarding the accomplishment of day to day tasks. Johnson (2001) observes, people usually confide to have autonomy in their day to day activities, which is significant in encouraging them to remain in the organization. With such empowerment, democracy is established in the workplace whereby the employees views are taken into consideration and integrated into to the organizations strategic plan. Employees are allowed to attend and contribute to significant meetings, which makes them feel desirable and appreciated and thereof feel that they are part and parcel of the organization (Colling 1995).Career Development McConnell (2003) argues that provision of up-to-date training and ph ylogeny opportunities to employees enhances their value in the labor market and hence increased career mobility. This positively affects their job security system since they keep in mind that their skills are in line with the current demand for human resources within the organization. The employees security comes from the realization that they remain equivalent with employees in opposite organizations. Competent employees view stagnation in a particular position as a probable cause of redundancy thus they hold up in the organization where career development is guaranteed (Startups 2006).... The employees security comes from the realization that they remain equivalent with employees in other organizations. Competent employees view stagnation in a particular position as a potential cause of redundancy thus they stay in the organization where career development is guaranteed (Startups 2006). How Training and Development Increases Revenues and Productivity Empowerment Strategies fo r training and development empower employees to accomplish tasks effectively. The need to continuously acquire cognition is important especially for the constantly changing business environments (McConnell 2003). Schrader & Lawless (2004) observe that immature technologies that require adept workers can not be applied if an organization fails to train its employees. The alternative is to hire skilled workers, which is a move that might be costly for the organization especially in the long run collect to the constant technological advancements and market changes. Capacity Building Workplace learning involves constant skills upgrading to help employees purify their performance. Coaching is among the workplace learning strategies that are focused on giving the employees additional skills to improve their competence. For example, when new employees are engaged in a company, they usually possess some skills but have small(a) experience in the organizational operations. Coaching them is necessary to improve their knowledge regarding the organization. It helps them to apply the skills acquired through studies in real practice (Colling 1995). The result is usually positive and the employees can perform better, thereby increasing productivity among the employees. Coaching motivates the weaker employees to perform better and also facilitates the

A review of at least one TED talk. Focusing on he critical issues of Essay

A review of at least one TED talk. Focusing on he critical issues of hoslitic sustainable design ( TED.com) - Essay display caseThe only way we can pay back to our ancestors the way they have looked after our needs today, is by doing the same for the future generations.Ray Anderson, who is a CEO of the go with Interface, puts a stress on the abovementioned harbor at TED Talk thru a poem entitled Tomorrows Child. He also proposed a revised Environmental Impact Equation as a business case. From Paul and Anne Erhlichs model of environmental preserve is catch to the product of population, affluence, and technology, mathematically explained as I = P x A x T,3 he suggested, the New Civilization Environmental Impact Equation of impact is equal to the product of population times affluence affluence being an end in itself turned into a means to an end, all over the technology of the future times the happiness, where happiness becomes the end happiness with little stuff, as I = P x a / T 2 x H.4 Andersons proposition was not only his theory bound to be proven, but a theory already proven thru the initiatives of his company that it is a business model for sustainability that can be done. If Interface has done it, Portland can do it as well.Portland has been a place involved in the quarrying business. Exporting Portland limestone can be traced back to 1300AD for internal and public use and continues to up to this day.5 Using Andersons business model, Portland can minimize its environmental impact on quarrying limestone if companies will reuse limestone, and find other means of producing limestone without abusing our environment. Residents of Portland can also skip by using fewer products, particularly products that need limestone to manufacture. Portland can start by starting a simple lifestyle. Peoples needs are basic, and sustainability is something basic.Sustainability is necessary for everyone in this world, for people in the put and for people in the future. A nd as Anderson said, If something exists, it must be possible, and if

Living in the Global Community What then shall we do Essay

Living in the ball-shaped Community What then shall we do - Essay ExampleThese matters bring a level of insecurity to this orbit because their implications are much higher than one can expect. Further, it is always a desirable act to say that living in a global community calls for many sacrifices. People need to comprehend where the otherwise person readiness come up from, what his dispositions are and what the replete(p) society is going through in front deducing a statement or forming an opinion. This paper takes a look at just that and finds out how commonwealths rulings cede shaped up the creative activity in the time and age of today. Considering how people guess in the dictum of bringing in global harmony, the first and foremost social occasion to notice, analyze and decent understand is that perspectives might not entirely be true. For the people living in North America, these issues might not be that huge because they are lucky to receive many benefits and facil ities at the hands of their feature governments. These especially include the likes of Canada, Mexico and the superpower nation of the world the United States of America. ... The North Americans are of the opinion that the entire world must listen to them and follow their dictum, which is not a very practical and understandable thing in essence. What these people forget is the detail that they are nearly 1/8th of the entire worlds population and hence cannot rule the nuances of the globe all on their own. One should believe that their view is biased more than anything else as they hurl long taken this world and its people for granted. Since they are at the zenith of being hailed as the most developed nations in the world, no one can deny the fact that they ought to think as such. For the people living in low human development countries this is something of a study problem. This is because the low human development countries expect a great deal at the hands of the nations which have made it big deep down the global landscape but the same does not come close as a result of which there is a global divide amongst nations. The people within such countries are undernourished and not given their due which is a sad anomaly if seen properly within the thick of things. The global bodies like the human race Trade Organization (WTO), International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Bank (WB) and other significant trade and educational institutions have a significant role to assemble within the utilization of resources for the sake of the low human development countries because these are suffering on a number of different counts, and now is the time to make amends. The people within such countries feel that they have been hard done by because their rights have been usurped by the countries that have been already developed and are on the pathway to achieve further progress in the future. This is a

Networks and Real-Time Traffic for Industrial Control Applications Essay

Networks and Real-Time Traffic for Industrial Control Applications - Essay Example radio set infrastructure has come into the picture and provided solutions to the installation and positioning of this gadget that handle data. The question is whether the solution, wireless, has enough cogency to support this system. Wireless technology surveyed seeks to establish the capacity, reliability and most importantly the future and existing modifications to give for industrial control application needs for data, voice and video transfer. An in-depth analysis of the existing technology and the underway support for real-time business in industrial control applications has been reviewed. Real-time traffic flows in a network and is required within specific time restraints of a processor simultaneously supply training to another system it is assisting (Rowe et al. 2006). Usually, the traffic flow must be faster and arrive slightly before than needed by the receiving device. This is to facili tate appropriate intervention of the data supply. The real-time traffic flow is back up by real-time systems that must operate in a synchronized way and within the corresponding time constraints. The real-time traffic flow towards a receiving device is usually data (inputs) from sensors purposely to exercise and monitor system control parameters outputs- needed for the correct system or process operation on the receiving device. The type of control and monitoring functions provided by the receiving device ranges over a wide variety of tasks, such(prenominal) as turn-off and turn-on signals to switches feedback signals sent to controllers to provide adjustments or corrections (Simacek 2002, p. 56). Real-time traffic requirements put idiom on availability and as such data is required time to keep up with the soulfulness operating the control application. The control application may be a computer terminal or some other device of similar nature and has a keyboard and screen to ass ist the operator of the system. The terminal device, in this case, supports the operator or operators and provides retrieval, access and storage functions through a database management system as well as computational power and data processing. A Global Village this is a mutual phrase from the Information Technology experts who infer that the world has become reachable more than it ever has been. preponderantly this has been made possible by the availability of real-time information, as it happens, making an individual all just about and knowing all that is taking place. Within seconds of an event happening it spreads all over the world in a matter of seconds and reaches the global audience. It is extremely valuable to commercial organizations, such as, commercial fleet operators, agencies etcetera to obtain real-time traffic information from their monitoring systems. Besides, making their operation smooth it provides immense benefits to cultivate predictions of operations and cr eate scenarios for their business strategies. Network operations that support real-time traffic have of import importance and are designed with the critical nature of business processing in mind. Real-time traffic over the wireless standards, IEE 802.11, is slowly catching up and becoming popular.

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

International market placeing - Essay ExampleMacys financial statements reveal that its sales in the United States have gone down in the drop dead 5 long time. Macys can map this opportunity to expand into a new countrys market. Secondly, everywhere the past few years westward media has played a significant role in influencing the culture and trends in the region. The demand for western goods has increased and consumers argon looking more and more branded products. Customers now present a market which is willing to spend more on high quality goods.The number of department stores in Pakistan is rattling limited and competition is local. A department store will be welcomed by the consumers. This will confine Macys a chance to ground itself before new competition enters the market.Macys is very hearty established in its home country and can explore opportunities in the foreign market. The management over 800 stores across the nation has significant expertise in marketing medium to high range products in a new country.Lastly, despite some challenging environmental factors, barriers to entry in Pakistan are low. Expanding into a newer region may also open doors to further expand within the country as rise up as the region of South Asia.Before a new market can be entered it is essential for Macys to develop an international marketing plan to study the market and speckle in the soldiery country and determine the most suitable actions to take. International marketing plan provides market entry and targeting strategies and prospers the actions that are necessary for a business to get its product or service into the target market.Economic situation in the country is similar to that in the rest of the world, under the effects of the current recession. Over the last ten years, the employment rate increased giving rise to purchasing power.On a socio-cultural level the country has greatly fallen under western influence due to the proliferation of

Purpose and History Essay Example for Free

Purpose and business relationship EssayThe economy of Ur-Nammu assumed an understanding that the law descended from the gods, and the king or ruler was the administrator of the law on the percentage of the people. Under this code, severe penalties were considered to be unnecessary for the majority of crimes. Since people believed to know how they should behave towards each other, fiscal fines served as a reminder of how to behave (Mark, 2014). The structure of the Code of Hammurabi is very particular, with each offense having a distinct discipline. The punishments tended to be extremely critical compared to todays modern day standards, many of the offenses resulted in death, disfigurement, or the drug abuse of what we know today as Eye for eye, tooth for tooth (Lex Talionis Law of Retaliation) philosophy. The Code of Hammurabi is one of the earliest examples of law where the premiss of innocence has been incorporated, and the accused and accuser have the opportunity to pro duce and present evidence on their behalf. However, no provision were make for extenuating circumstances to be presented in target to alter any prescribed punishment. biography of prison house developmentDuring the early colonial years, prisons had not yet been developed as a frame of reference of punishment for crimes. The colonists did however use jails, copying the English musical arrangement of g set asides, in order to hold defendants who were awaiting running game or for those already convicted and were awaiting their corporal or capital punishment. These jails had deplorable conditions. Poor men, women, and children were all housed together, with very trivial food or sanitary conditions. Offenders who could afford it paid a fee in order to reduce jail this early bail system enabled the rich to pay a fee in order to be released. The conditions in both the English and colonial jails during the 1600s and 1700s were so deplorable that few doubted the need for tidy (Ric g rave P. Seiter, 2011). Comparison of the Pennsylvania and chromatic systemThe Pennsylvania system was known as the separate and close system, with silence en laboured and inmates not allowed to see or talk with each other. Through this approach, it was believed that offenders would not be morally contaminated and be trained in crime by other prisoners. There were several(prenominal) problems with the Pennsylvania system. First, it was almost impossible to keep prisoners from seeing and communicating with each other. Second, it was very expensive to operate, as a requirement to keep prisoners separated this increased the number of staff members needed. Third, there was very particular productivity by inmates, as a requirement to work alone in their cells did not allow for as much toil of goods for resale as was desired. Fourth, opponents of the operation of the Pennsylvania prisons suggested that the solitude imposed on prisoners made many of them mentally ill. Finally, the plan ned operation was modified almost immediately.Two prisoners were placed in a cell together so one could learn a conduct from the other and increase the production of goods. The warden of the Eastern Penitentiary, Samuel Wood, used prisoners as servants in his home and allowed them to communicate. The Pennsylvania system seemed doomed from its beginning and forced prison operators in other states to search for new approaches to overcome the problems. Although there was great interest in the Pennsylvania system, only two states (New Jersey and Rhode Island) adopted its separate and silent system. However, both soon ramshackle the Pennsylvania system in favor of the improved system that was created in Auburn, New York (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). The Auburn system became known as the assemble and silent system as officials continued to reduce the spread of distressing ideas by inmates through silence and strict discipline. Barnes and Teeters describe the enforcement of the system thr ough lockstep marching with eyes downcast, hard work and activity while outside cells, and prohibitions of inmates even being face to face.After the operation of Auburn was copied at Sing Sing prison in New York, as well as at prisons in other states, the Auburn system was recognized as better than the Pennsylvania system. The prisons were cheaper to build and operate, the congregate style allowed production of goods and more income for the state, and fewer prisoners developed mental health problems. Other prisons being reinforced across the country adopted the Auburn system. The operation of prisons for sentencedoffenders received world(prenominal) attention, and many countries sent representatives to turn out the operation of both the Pennsylvania-style and Auburn-style prisons.Although the Pennsylvania style of prisons was seldom favored in the United States, most international visitors found advantages in both, and many preferred the Pennsylvania system because of its effort t o avoid contamination among prisoners. During the low gear half of the nineteenth century, the Auburn style of silence, hard work, separation at night, congregation during the day to maximise production of goods, and strict control was the method used for most American prisons (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). Impact and involvement of prison labour party over timeThroughout US history, there have been many laws both morally and ethically concerning prison labor. The Hawes-Cooper Act and the Ashurst-Sumner Act made interstate trading of prison-made goods illegal. During the 1970s, many of laws regarding prison labor were amended. The Justice System Improvement Act of 1979 allowed for the privatization of prisons and the transport of their goods across state lines. Once this change in the law took place, the prison industry profits sky rocketed from $392 million to $1.31 billion. Prison industry partnerships benefit both businesses and inmates. Businesses are provided with a stable, moti vated work force, with reduced overhead, an alternative to overseas operations, and a made in the USA label. Inmates are provided with income to offset the cost of their incarceration, allows for compensation to victims and provides the inmates family with support. Inmates have the ability to learn a trade and gain valuable work experience (U.S. Prison dig up At Home and Abroad, 2003).ReferencesMark, J. J. (2014). Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ancient.eu.com/Ur-Nammu/Richard P. Seiter. (2011). Corrections an introduction. Retrieved from Richard P. Seiter, CJA234 Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Admin/Human Services website.U.S. Prison Labor at Home and Abroad. (2003). Retrieved fromhttp//www1.american.edu/TED/jail.htm

Php Login Script with Remember Me Feature Essay Example for Free

Php Login Script with find Me Feature EssayI wanted to include the popular Remember Me feature seen on a lot of websites that basically keeps users logged into the website, point after theyve closed the browser so that the next time they come, they wont have to login once more manually. I found this tutorial Creating a PHP Login Script to be very helpful in writing this script, in fact, a lot of the compute presented here is very similar to the code presented in that tutorial. The differences are seen with the in the altogether Remember Me feature, the use of cookies in addition to sessions, and with slight modifications in the design.Goals The ultimate goal is to create a PHP login script with the capability of remembering logged-in users. I also hope this tutorial will serve as a way to introduce people to user sessions and cookies in PHP. Notes Although this tutorial uses a MySQL database for storing user information, it has been write so that the data accessing code is separated from the main code through specific functions, so it would be easy to instead use a flat file database system, simply by changing the code in those specific functions, without messing with the rest.This tutorial uses the latest and greatest of PHP 4, which means super globals are used, such as $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.. This tutorial will aim to teach you about sessions and cookies through example, however if you need to k directly more(prenominal) information, go to the official website . Database For those of you planning on using a flat file system, you open fire swerve this section. For the rest of us, we want to create a MySQL database table that holds user information, here it is CREATE TABLE users ( sername varchar(30), countersign varchar(32)) Of course this table can be modified according to your needs, however the password field must(prenominal) not be less than 32 because it has to store the md5 encrypted versions of passwords which are 32 bytes. database. ph p This file will charter the code that connects you to your MySQL database and the functions that access user information, you need to modify this to show your MySQL username, password and database. Allow Users to Sign-UpBefore we can login users, we need users. Here we will focus on the code that allows users to sign-up, registering their username and password. register. php Registered Thank you , your information has been added to the database, you may now log in. Registration Failed Were sorry, but an error has occurred and your registration for the username , could not be completed. Please try again at a later time. Registration Page Registration Page Register Login Username Password Remember me next time Join

Learning Styles Essay Example for Free

Learning Styles EssayA learning style is basically the preference or predisposition of an individual to perceive and process information in a particular representation or combination of ways. (Lynne Celli Sarasin, 2006) in that location are eight intelligences and an individual has hotshot or more strengths in one of those intelligences. As we have learned from the pictureings, there are multiple ways to understand how an individual learns. There are three primary senses that are involved in learning visual, auditory, and kinesthetic.Howard Gardner, for example, suggested that some school-age childs learn by dint of their bodies (kinesthetic), others through music and rhythms (auditory), and many others through hand-outs and presentations (visual). Students have been learning in many various ways since ancient times. Teachers of Hinduism, Confucianism, Judaism, and Christianity all evaluated their students personalities, with an eye as to how to best teach them. (John D. Mayer, Ph. D. ) I have examined multiple websites on how Hinduism considers opinions of personality.For example, Hindu thought suggests that the wise person judges others with detachment and peace as apposed to over-involvement, annoyance, or condescension. (John D. Mayer Ph. D. ) In Hinduism, the role of the yogi, or teacher, are to assist those, who sought enlightenment to learn about their essential atman (real inner self). (John D Mayer, Ph. D. ) Accomplished Hindu teachers distinguish among different types of students so as to provide each student with practices that will best guide him or her on the path to enlightenment. (John D. Mayer, Ph. D. )As I further read into the article posted by John D. Mayer, he wrote about how there are three different types of students. Their way of learning is completely different from the way we learn here and what we learn about. I could persona my primary sensory preference to increase my awareness and practice in Hinduism by watching vide os and consultation lectures about their way of learning. (Due to the fact that I am a auditory and kinesthetic learner) Once I watch videos about their way of learning I would become more informed about their way of everyday life and their learning styles.

Pressures Of Higher Education Essay Example for Free

Pressures Of Higher Education EssayIt is a brisk day in October, and all the leaves argon crackling as every college student around the country is headed to his or her library, trying to get some(prenominal) studying in for the next exams. Some fully understand the state matter and will unendingly pressure themselves to keep on getting better Others do non fully understand the pay take mater and be too busy thinking about how they in black market to pay for this class once more than once they fail. Most belong somewhere in the middle, constantly contemplating why they even put the sieve of mettlesomeer education onto themselves. Higher education is the catalyst to advancing our society to unkn make boundaries. The pressures that come on with naughtyer education vary from relaxed to extremely exhausting. These pressures are showcased nons tallness in partnership colleges, state universities and lastly ivy League private universities.While community colleges have ofte n been looked down upon as a relaxed version of actual higher education, community colleges have been proven to raise the amount of pressure and taste on the enrolled students. The levels of difficulty of the curriculums are indeed lower than those of opposite colleges and universities. That is not necessarily a injurious thing knowing that the typical student enrolled in community college either was not fully alert for the challenge of other colleges or universities, or they full were not financially ready to make that mistreat up. These struggling students need more term to work on their problems.Students can pursue an Associates Degree in their major without feeling overwhelmed by the pressure of trying to get a bachelors stage too early, leading them into failing grades. The students that are enrolled simply because of not having the financial agent to enroll into other colleges and universities tend to have a high level of stress, not because they feel stunned by the s ubject matter, but because of the opposite. Not feeling challenged seemly can create pressure on them because they do not feel as if they are getting the education they truly deserve. Community college may come off as a pressure free area, but in reality it has its pressure provoking aspects analogous all other outlets of higher education.The pressures of state universities are easily visible from the outside vantage point. To commencement ceremony, the calculate of majors offered at state universities is astounding. Most people that are given that much choice tend to realize that they do not really know what they want to major in. This epiphany leads them into declaring undecided. To go along with the high bit of majors, the curriculums of all these majors often are just as breathtaking in difficultly. The number of students to teacher ratio is usually staggering, which creates more pressure for a student to grasp the concepts the first time. The culture for state universitie s averages around twenty thousand annually.Most full time students cannot afford this price therefore, students are forced to rely heavily on financial aid and scholarships. When that many people are competing for the same(p) pile of assets, some tend to get left without enough. This increases the focus on the pressure of finding enough money for every semesters expensive needs instead of focusing on the actual classes they are paying for. Even though the average students that attend a state university tend to have more tally over the pressures of higher education, they can still feel the pressure.The pressures of higher education are advantageously more evident in ivy League students, due to the utmost need to succeed. The term Ivy League is defined as a group of long established eastern colleges and universities having high academician and social prestige. It is not hard to understand why the Ivy League schools are in their own prestigious bubble of higher education. Every stud ent that enrolls in these schools was once part of the highly pressured top five percent of his or her high school. These students often have a genuinely hard time with renewinging from a fairly easy curriculum into their new extremely rigorous curriculums. A smooth transition is needed in order to earn a degree from their respective schools. Without that smooth transition, the students will start to feel overwhelmed, and the pressure will overcome them. Another contributing factor of pressure in Ivy League schools is the fact that the prices of attending these schools match the arduousness.The average tuition for an Ivy League school reaches into figures preceding(prenominal) fifty thousand annually. Grants, scholarships and financial aid play a very substantial part in full time students lives. If they were to receive unsatisfactory grades, then they would lose everything. Being forced to find a way to pay that much for their education would pressure them into dropping out, effe ctively ruining every high aspiration that student once had. Even though the Ivy League students have tremendous control over pressure, the pressures of higher education like money and making perfect grades, can lead to the trial of an otherwise perfect student. It does not matter whether a student is enrolled in a basic community college, state university or an Ivy League school, students will be faced with pressured situations.For a community college student, the pressures of sorry about not world fully ready for the challenges of college, or just not having the financial means to pay for it, will present themselves. Having control over how pressure affects them, and having the means for state universities, does not check you will be ready for the feeling of being lost in the crowd instead of being an individual. Even though you would assume Ivy League attendees are perfect, sometimes the pressures of having to live up to that sample can overwhelm the student. No matter the l evel of difficultly, pursuing higher education will forever create pressure on a student the different routes of higher education will just affect the student in their own unique ways.

Wrestling and Reality Culture Essay Example for Free

wrestle and Reality Culture Es interpretLive tonight, an funny house match between the Undertaker and Kane Plus, an evening gown match, the loser gets stripped down to their panties and bra What contour of salute would produce such insane events? Does America really care to see these events take aim? Not only is this type of show acceptable, unless it has become a cultural phenomenon. Some wad may say That must be some sort of filth found on the spice channel However, this phenomenon is feeln as skipper grappling. Why do Ameri dejections accept this form of merriment, even if they know it is morally incorrect?Currently, professional battle among males and females of all ages is extremely popular across America. Wrestling fans enroll in the phenomenon when attending combat events, go through or televised, wearing clothing depicting matmans or wrestling organizations, as well as by communicating with other wrestling fans. There are numerous wrestling magazines whi ch a fan can purchase to learn more about the sport spectacle, and millions of various collectibles and toys connected to professional wrestling open been sold since the sport gained tremendous popularity in the mid-1980s. Wrestling fans can even surf the web and find results, biographies, pictures, interviews, and news on all of their favorite matmans and organizations.Professional wrestling has constantly been labeled as entertainment for Rednecks or some obscure group of individuals. People always considered wrestling fake and mindless, suitable for those with simple minds. However, the popularity of wrestling has exploded over the last three geezerhood and captivates audiences of all ages. As of late, WWF Raw by the World Wrestling Federation is the most popular show on cable television. If a person were to examine the underlying images that are being portrayed in the programs, they may be surprised to learn in force(p) exactly what attracts so m any another(prenominal) to the screen. The World Wrestling Federation contains life-like stratumlines that continue for some(prenominal) weeks, very similar to daytime soap operas. The violence, attitudes, language, and exciteual material in pro-wrestling are all clearly used to capture the minds of the audience.The World Wrestling Federation takes life-like topics and turns them into angles that involve several different wrestlers. Some of the topics that gull been used include a disgruntled employee getting revenge on his boss, a wrestlers obsession with sex, a controversial cancer angle, a wedding turned wrong, a wrestler grabbing the genitals of an opponent, and even drunken old women fighting each other. In my opinion, the angle involving cancer, although a real-life topic, should not have taken place. Too many people have loved ones who suffer with cancer, and it just was not appropriate to portray this on television. Nonetheless, in this angle, the father of a wrestler (The Big charge) is diagn osed with cancer. However, another wrestler (Big Boss humankind) does many evil things to make the life of the Big Show miserable.The Boss Man sends a messenger to the Big Show telling him his father is dead, when in reality, he is not. Eventually, the Big Shows father dies, and a funeral is planned. The funeral is held outside, which set up a very disturbing, but strangely funny scene. As the Big Show is mourning the loss of his father, the Boss Man drives a car through the funeral, and hits the Big Show. The Boss Man ties the shut in to the back of his car, and proceeds to drive away, with the casket dragging behind. The Big Show gets up and sees this, and jumps on the moving casket.Up until this point, the cancer angle seemed very serious and sad, but having the Big Show casket surfing lightens the mood. Revenge will be sweet, as the Big Show will end up beating the Boss Man to a bloody mess. In reality, none of this is true, but the whole story is extremely shocking, and draws the attention of many. The topics are even more outrageous than an episode of the Jerry Springer show. This type of entertainment has attracted millions of loyal fans, and extremely high cable ratings on Monday and Thursday nights. Professional wrestling ranks second just behind Monday Night Football in the Nielsen Ratings.Although this type of outrageous behavior may upset many people, it is accepted widely and enjoyed by millions of teenagers and adults across America. People in America have become desensitized to sex and violence by having organizations such as the WWF making it appear O.K. on television. Although it is immoral and not provided accepted by society, pornography is rampant in America, with strip clubs and porn shops situated in the similar areas as family shopping centers. Violence can be seen everywhere, especially in the evening news.Wrestling takes the 2 biggest topics of American society, and turns them into a two hour show. Americans accept this and are wi lling to watch or stand to see the action. Although many wrestling fans such as myself view the show and see it as minute entertainment, there are many more people who believe what they see. Sadly, these type of people make up a large portion of wrestling fans. Be relieve oneself of this, many nations see Americans as ignorant and shallow.Critics claim that wrestling is a Cultural Phenomenon which embodies all of the negative aspects of American culture. People who are willing to watch a man rolling around in feces or someone falling twenty feet from a cage into a wooden table instead of doing something that could be potentially productive does not say much for American society. Opponents of professional wrestling may also say that the direction and values of American culture are quickly deteriorating, in part, collect to a cultural phenomenon such as professional wrestling. As long as Americans demand instant gratification and the quick fixes of raunchy entertainment, phenomena such as wrestling will be around to act as mindless distractions from the real world.The critics of wrestling have not stopped its tremendous success across the world. Wrestling can be seen as a form of entertainment, just as movies and sports represent the same kind of enjoyment to viewers. Wrestling is not the suit of societys deterioration, as it is meant to please viewers across America. One form of entertainment is not going to cause American society to crumble.Wrestling used to represent good guy vs. bad guy. Times have changed, and now, everyone cheers for wrestlers such as The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin who portray qualities that the fans appreciate. The Rock is extremely popular, due to his coolness factor. Everytime he gets on the microphone, he promises to Lay The Smackdown on Someones Candyass and things of that nature. He always praises the fans, and considers himself the Peoples Champion. Because of his popularity, it doesnt matter if he wrestles a good guy or a bad guy. Fans like someone they can cheer, but would not cheer someone who appears corny, like a superhero type character.Professional wrestling never has any repeats, and always keeps a fresh, new storyline. That may be the biggest reason why people keep correct in to this phenomenon. When it comes down to watching either a rerun of Ally McBeal or a live WWF Raw, many people would choose to watch something new, such as WWF Raw. American society is constantly evolving, and over time, all people need to accept the changes that it goes through, whether positive or negative.Work CitedPioch, Nicolas. Realism. January 1, 1996. http//www.oir.ucf.edu/wm/paint/glo/realism/(December 16, 1999)Roberts, J.M. The Penguin autobiography of the World. London, England Helicon Publishing, 1992.Ross, Cilla. June, 1999. Greek Democracy in Practice. http//www.ccla.org.uk/aecd/unit1/ped3.htm(December 18, 1999)Uffizi Gallery. Michelangelo Buonarroti. September, 1998. http//www.televisual.net/uffizi/mi chelan.html(December 18, 1999)

Psychoanalysis of Crime Essay Example for Free

analysis of Crime EssayAn individuals experience of self has unendingly been an issue that fascinated people. Under the notion that most people enjoy talking ab divulge themselves, the body politic of psychology opened its doors to investigate the underlying conditions that touch people who they be and how they perceive others and the world. Many theories deport been developed in order to understand the complexities that make up the human psyche and it is in this reflection that this paper will center upon.The theory which I have chosen for this particular case ask is the Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud and I believe this theory will address most of the behavioural patterns that the subject is situated in. Freuds psychoanalytic style in examining an individuals motives for behavior has naturalized the grounds for in-depth analysis into a persons psyche and though it has its limitation, it offers a refreshing point of view as to why much(prenominal) behaviors have endured and its significance to an individuals interpretation of the world (Shoham, 1993).Psychoanalysis has helped in putting into perspective the many ways in which behaviors of an individual or groups of individuals could be pertinacious by the examining their upbringing and isolating internal and external desires. One of the major conjectures of psychoanalysis is that individuals are inherently sinful and they are controlled by certain instincts which are buried in ones subconscious. The psychoanalytic theory attempts to realize these internal desires in order to determine the right kind of action in which the individual might be fit to control a problematic behavior from recurring (Elliott, 2002).In order to see the application of the psychoanalytical theory, a brief background of the case study should be presented to comprehend the bureau. The case study involves a twenty-eight year old man named Bert who was convicted of committing larceny. In the article, Bert was c ondemned to serve well a four year strong belief in prison with eighteen months non-parole. Admitting to the crime he had attached, he was say to have been accompanied by two accomplices whom he knew from his previous prison sentence.It was relayed that Bert had entered a public house one night and was approached by the two accomplices who urged him to join them rob a factory. Nine weeks before the incident, Bert was break of prison after serving a year in prison for getting caught with stolen goods. In Freuds Division of the mind, he enlists the concept of the Id, Superego and Ego. The Id is supposed to uphold the baser instincts that are present in each individual. It dispenses on the precepts of pleasure to satisfy the innate wants of the individual.The Superego comprises the ethical or moral aspect of the individual that appeals to an ideal sense of existence. The Ego is said to be the balancing aspect of the individuals personality as it maintains the involve and wants o f both the Id and the Superego. The Ego represents the awareness of an individual ensureing his/her state of world (Shoham, 1993). If the processes that harmonize these three should ever be disrupted, it would render uneasiness to the individuals psyche and cause him/her to employ some defense lawyers mechanisms that would be able to shield the ego.The psychoanalysis in Berts case encompasses a great deal of beat between his superego and id, as can be denoted when he points out that he is frustrated with himself for not being able to avoid criminal activities. This is described as an over-developed superego, which imposes an excessive need for punishment with regard to the things the individual has wrongly committed or the unpleasant experiences that has brought misery into the individuals life (Shoham, 1993).In the text, Bert was said to have grown-up in a dysfunctional family and that his absentee father was also a criminal who often displayed a violent attitude towards the fa mily whenever he was home. In this aspect, Berts rationale on punishing himself was an act of relapse in an early state of his life that involved his father (Shoham, 1993). The illegal acts Bert has committed during his early teens and the ulterior trips to juvenile and adult institutions has led him to think that he should be penalized for the things that he has done and for belonging to a family that breeds criminals..In a sense, Bert might be trying to compensate for his fathers mistake of abandoning his children with regard to his wife and kids and most especially, his brothers and sister. This kind of rationalization instills tension into his being, which makes him unconsciously commit illegal activities despite his efforts to disentangle his life (Shoham, 1993). As a result of this conflict, Bert reasons out in a defying way that even though he acknowledges his wrongdoing, he believes that it is under the influence of alcohol and the two conspirators with him the night of t he criminal activity.Bert also pointed out that the long sentence designated to the criminal act that he had committed was a bit unreasonable since he only stole goods from a factory and not a private residence. Based on these statements, Bert had shown recoverings of contradiction in terms between his guilt for what he had done and his comprehension of the situation as he puts the blame on other sources in lieu of himself. In the case study, Bert was thought of to be a pushover by the law officers as the former would get caught up in situations that force him to do things that should best be avoided (Elliot, 2002).Parallel to his over-developed superego, Berts behavior also displays a weak Ego in conjunction with his Id. His softness to stand his ground in moral situations and his inadequacy in delivering good judgments makes him a pawn for manipulative individuals like the two conspirators whom Bert met at the pub (Shoham, 1993). In this situation, it is quite clear that he is s till in denial of what he has done since he has not fully accepted the responsibility for the criminal act. However, in another statement, he also did not want to cooperate with the law enforcers in identifying who were his accomplices in committing larceny.This posits a rather confusing behavior as Bert did not want to admit fully to the crime committed yet he does his conspirators a favor and refuses to give out their names to the law officers as he believes that he is not one to break the code of brotherhood. This act alone concurs with the insight made earlier about his desire to be punished for being a criminal (Rosen, 1996). On another note, Bert has try to justify the crime he had committed by rationalizing the triviality of robbing the factory and that a long sentence was not necessary.He seems to suppress the mere fact that he has a long track introduce of criminal activities that warrants for the current court verdict. With this in mind, one can deduce that Bert still th inks of himself as a misguided youth. Such display of reasoning implicates how the environment he grew up in greatly influenced his decisions in life (Shoham, 1993). His lack of a formal preparation and emotional nurture at home resulted to his mutinous conduct and misplaced aggression that could only be attributed to his familys situation.Berts leanings toward alcoholism may be credited to his undeveloped oral stage, which his mother could not properly provide as the strains of his father being in prison and the abuses that his mother and siblings received from him deprived Bert of a normal transition into the next stages of tuition (Shoham, 1993). In addition, his fathers drunken presence at the puberty stage predisposed him and his old(a) brothers to acclimate a life of criminal activities since that might have been the only way that he could be with his father who was gone most of the time.While he was third among the two boys in his family, he could not look up to his older brothers as they too were undependable for the nurturing in which he sought from his parents (Shoham, 1993). It is in this aspect that one can observe the oedipal complex that Freud has included in his Stages of Development theory as it demonstrates the lack of attention and love that Bert wanted from his father (Shoham, 1993).Berts unresolved intimacy issues from both his parents compelled him to couch this in an unhealthy lifestyle through alcohol and a string of criminal records. In defense of the two conspirators, Bert might have felt a sense of belongingness in their company since they understood his situation more than anyone, which is why he was adamant to not cooperate with the law enforcers (Shoham, 1993). Berts yearning to successfully reform may be hampered by his own moral perceptions as he is not able to grasp the consequences his actions have merited him.While he is affected by what happens with his wife and two children, he cannot instinctively change his ways witho ut going through therapy or some form of rehabilitation to slow down his ways. Berts situation could have been easily avoided if he has learned to act on his own. Since his lack of education poses a hindrance to the development of his being, one could suggest that individuals like Bert who are frequently law ledgeman should be also be subjected to an education in their correction facilities aside from the terms that they serve (Kline, 1987). consort to Lester and Van Voorhis book Psychoanalytic therapy, criminal convicts like Bert should not be subjected to environments that derail their development. Since most these convicts are not well-equipped with the right attitude to stay off the streets, correctional facilities should be able to provide such services that will be able to aid them to commit to reformation.Support from family and close friends should also be encouraged though for most of these convicts, it would seem quite difficult as most of them dont have a strong support base (p. 122). From Klines book Psychoanalysis and crime, it has been suggested that creating a viable environment for these convicts when they got out is necessary as that will sustain their progress for development and would make them not want to seek the confines of the prison walls as they will be able to feel part of the society again.This entails releasing them in an environment where temptations would not abound and provide them with jobs that does not humble their sense of being (p. 60). Analyzing Berts case in the psychoanalytic perspective has provided grounds on in which correctional facilities should be able to help convicts to maintain a reformed life.

Unprofessional Athletes Essay Example for Free

Un schoolmaster Athletes Es read endorse in the year 1860, the Pony Express was known to be the fastest and most efficient method of sending mail. It had taken approximately ten days for a horse to sound across the res publica and deliver the parcels to their recipients, an astonishingly short amount of time for the people of that particular era. A little every g all all overn 150 years after the inception of the Pony Express, technological advances curb been made and it is safe to say that a simple message to a friend no longer takes ten days to send, nor does it travel by horse. Now, in the year 2012, a message domiciliate be sent simply with a few clicks on a keyboard or a couple clicks of a cell ph oneness. Along with the pleasure that comes along with knowing that your message was sent and received instantly, at that place comes a few dangers. These hazards become a greater risk for those individuals who argon in the spotlight, especially professional athletes.If a n athlete makes a arguable say ab prohibited any issue, he makes himself subject to mass public scrutiny from thither, the athlete may resort the respect of his strike outs, stand outers, and even teammates based on his stance on the particular topic. An athlete may be so preoccupied by neighborly media and how the world perceives them that he may lose focus on his main goal, which is performing well in his sport. some professional sports leagues have rules set in place against athletes expressing their opinions of certain sports-related topics on social media, so if a player steps out of line and disobeys one of these rules he is subject to a heavy fine enforced by the leagues glumicials. hearty media shouldnt be used by professional athletes because of the intense microscope they are under on an nonchalant basis. victor athletes have a huge following while participating in their craft, but erstwhile they enter the world of social media, especially chitter, some athlet es see this crowd start to dwindle down. Many believe that although fans may root for a player during a grainy, it does non necessarily translate into support off the field in their social life., In Mark Emmons Mercury News article entitle Amid Giants World Series, Twitter gives fans a glimpse into athletes lives, Harry Edwards, a UC Berkeley professor emeritus of sociology, states that The San Francisco 49ers want guys to act with fans, but they want them to be smart because when you put something out there, its out there forever. It could end up in your obituary. But its important that fans can feel like they can talk to an athlete and say, by chance it was a tough day at the office for you guys Sunday, but youll get em next week.Figure.1 Stoudemires actions on Twitter epitomize that anything that is done over social media can be publicized and scrutinized in an instant. Figure.1 Stoudemires actions on Twitter epitomize that anything that is done over social media can be publi cized and scrutinized in an instant. Although he has always been on rival opposing teams, Amare Stoudemire had been one of my deary NBA players to watch due to his staying power and high-flying ability. When I first joined Twitter in 2011 he was one of the first people that I knew I had to follow. Unlike some athletes before him, he wasby most peoples standardsa respected professional basketball player who did most of his trash talking between the basketball butterflys lines rather than blowing up on Twitter after a game.However, during late June of this year, Stoudemires write up and fan following took a major hit after he angrily messaged a fan in response to the fans tweet questioning Stoudemires performance on the court. In the direct message as shown in Figure 1.1, Stoudemire uses slanderous and even anti-gay slurs which are blocked out with black boxes. Although he apoligized after the picture went viral, the damage had already been done and his reputation had taken a per manent hit. Stoudemire had begun to lose long-time supporters, including myself, because of the reaction he had to a simple criticism he received over Twitter. Everything an athlete does, especially over social media websites, is heavily scrutinized and can land him in an uncomfortable and unwished position in the public.All professional athletes must be aware of the fact that with all of the intense training that they put forth in hopes of perfecting their particular craft, social media outlets, especially Twitter and Facebook, can set up unnecessary distractions that may interfere with their performance. It has become such an addiction to some players that they cannot bear to go a whole game without tweeting or writing a status update about their teams performance. A few years ago during halftime of a game against the Boston Celtics, Charlie Villanueva of the Milwaukee Bucks tweeted this, pencil lead to then-head coach Scott Skiles forbidding Twitter use during games In da loc ker room, snuck to direct my twitt. Were playing the Celtics, tie ball game at da half. Coach wants more toughness. I gotta step up. (si.com Twitter Trouble) The pressures put on athletes by fans is not only felt here in the United States, but also on a global level.Before the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, Australian swimmer Emily Seebohm was by far the favorite to win in the 100-meter backstroke, but was just edged out by American teenager girl Franklin. When asked about her performance, Seebohm claimed to have been distracted by all of the posts from friends and fans back in her home realm, causing a lack of sleep and mental preparation that goes into earning a gold medal at the Olympics. (The Telegraph) Professional athletes near the world should not be using any social media or social networking devices because of the negative pretend it can have on their on-field performance and thus blocking them from reaching their maximum potential and acquirement level.It is a necessity for athletes to be cautious with their word choice because of the fines they may receive as a result of their comments. In an April 2012 Time magazine, then Miami Marlins manager Ozzie Guillen blurted out that he loved and respected autocratic Cuban leader Fidel Castro for his unwillingness to be caught and brought down by those looking to end his reign as tyrant. (Time Magazine) These comments were not well received by the Miami communitymade up of mostly Cuban immigrants who fled the country to escape from its unruly dictator. Guillen received a five game suspension, but the stain on his reputation was never completely removed.Since the preseason comments made regarding Castro, Guillen continued to make negative comments about his teams performance, leading to multiple fines from the teams owner and a loss of respect from a city as a whole. On October 23,2012, just over a year from initially being hired as the Marlins manager, Guillen was fired because of a com stash awayation of lack of wins on the field and an excess of controversial remarks made off the field of play. Athletes and coaches both need to watch whatever they say to the media or on a social networking site because of the ramifications that the comments may have with the team or sponsors they are currently working for.Many sports fans, myself included, total that they enjoy witnessing and reading about how the everyday lifestyle of a professional athlete plays out by means of social media outlets. Despite the enjoyment that I experience from getting an inside glimpse of a professional athletes life, I do realize the issue that they may not be lay a prime model for the younger generation that look up to them.No, not all athletes are monsters made out to destroy a childs innocence through their Twitter, but there are enough poor examples in the world to raise the question of whether or not these athletes should have their own social media outlets due to the issue of molding a younger generati on into respectable adults that didnt have their heros identity ripped away by one careless tweet or status update sent out. In the social media world we live in the question is not whether or not we enjoy seeing an athletes life play out over Twitter or any other social media outlet, but whether or not the material they post is ethical enough to keep their professional status.We are constantly told that our generation is going through a technological revolution. In fact, new, simpler ways of communicating with each other are being invented every day. However, there is one group that has to be more cautious of what they send out over these social outlets than the substitute of us do, celebrities, and in particular athletes. Athletes are constantly being thrown under the spotlight for controversial Figure 2 Although Rashard Mendenhall is employment his right to free speech, his remarks garnered much animosity toward him and his team.Figure 2 Although Rashard Mendenhall is exercisin g his right to free speech, his remarks garnered much animosity toward him and his team. remarks made on social media websites, from Rashard Mendenhall of the Pittsburgh Steelers criticizing people for celebrating the death of Osama bin Laden (Figure 2) to TJ Lang of the Green Bay Packers bashing replacement referees for a blown last second call that price his team the game. These statements made by athletes can cause them to lose fans across the country and possibly the globe. brotherly media also provides unwanted distractions to athletes everywhere that may take their mind off of performing to their utmost capability. Also, it can become such a problem that a team may eventually cut or fire a player based off of previous controversial comments made by the athlete. Professional athletes shouldnt have access to social media outlets, despite the amusement fans see from their day-to-day access.Works CitedBabel, Ryan. Twitter Trouble. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http//sportsillust rated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0911/twitter.trouble/content.5.ht ml.Berman, Len. Trending Stories. Mashable. N.p., 4 Jan. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http//mashable.com/2010/01/04/social-media-athletes/. Ottesen, Didrik. London 2012 Olympics Australian Swimmer Emily Seebohm Blames Twitter and Facebook for Failure. Editorial. The Telegraph London 31 July 2012 n. pag. The Telegraph. 31 July 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.http//www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9440774/London-2012-Olympics- Australian-swimmer-Emily-Seebohm-blames-Twitter-and-Facebook-for-failure.html. Ortiz, Maria B. Twitter Gaffes Begat Punishment for Athletes. ESPN. Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, 27 July 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.http//espn.go.com/blog/playbook/fandom/post/_/id/7495/voula-papachristou-inspires- twitter-fail-list.

Metaphysics SHort essay 4 Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics SHort essay 4 EssayPrice begins by describing how things we see in nature sh ar elements. He explains how a tomato, sunset in the sky and a blushing face sh ar nothing more in common than the color. However, some objects have some(prenominal) things in common. These objects group themselves together into Natural Kinds. Price describes a Natural Kind as a group of objects, which have many, perhaps indefinite, features in common. He explains that while this repetition stirs things seem dull and monotonous, they are important because they are what makes conceptual cognition achievable. In a world of incessant novelty, where there was no recurrence at all and no tedious repetitions, no concepts could ever be acquired. It would also make difficult the act of thinking because nothing would be recognizable. Price goes on to describe different footing of quality and relation. Quality is a recurrent feature of the world, which presents itself in individual object or events interpreted singly. Redness and bulginess are examples of this. A relation is a recurrent feature of the world, which presents itself in complexes of objects or events, such as this besides that, or between A and B.These damage allow us to pull a simple analysis of change. Price explains how change has puzzled philosophers since the time of Heraclitus. Understanding objects in terms of quality and relation help us understand the concept of change. Another term that allows us to do so is the term characteristics. Characteristics are of at least two different types of qualities and relations. For Price, allow of this leads us to Aristotles theory of univeralia in rebus, or philosophy of universals. The philosophy of universals agrees that all objects characterized by x resemble atomic number 53 another.However once must be cautious and note the difference between exact coincidence in a accredited aspect, and total or double-dyed(a) resemblance. While some have debated whether c omplete resemblance can be achieved, the important thing to note is the different intensities of resemblance that exist. Price goes on to list differences between the philosophy of resemblance and the philosophy of universals and deals with classical arguments against them both. Price concludes by saying that one must have a good knowledge of both.Since both can be misleading at times, when in danger of being misled by one of the theories, then can turn to the other for truth. D. C. Williams, on the other hand, comes out against the philosophy of universals in The Element of Being. He attempts to explain this in his example of the trey lollipops. He tires to prove that when one says a is similar to b, one is only saying that a go of a is wholly similar to a part of b. He states that entities or abstract components are the essential constituents of this or any possible world. Many know these to be abstract particulars.Williams decides to name these parts tropes. He defines a trop e as a particular entity either abstract or being of one or more concrete entities in combination with an abstraction. Tropes are connected to each other by look of location and by way of similarity. He goes on to explain and concludes by saying any possible world, and this one, is completely constituted by tropes and their connections of location and similarity. He explains how they would pertain to the notion of abstract and universal by using the example of Socrates (concrete particular), his wisdom (abstract particular/trope), Socratesity (concrete universal) and all of the wisdom (abstract universal).He goes on to explain how tropes would assume to different areas of philosophy, such as the philosophy of knowledge. He concludes by saying that all the things we see are no universal but consist of parts, tropes, which these things are a part of. Williams differs from Price by stating that objects consist of tropes and they are what create these appearances or similiarties. Pri ce on the other hand states that objects share a certain resemblance in quality, relation and characteristics. Resemblance Theory and Trope Theory Carlos Manuel Jordan PHI 3500 Metaphysics December, 4 2014.

The UK travel and tourism sector Essay Example for Free

The UK actuate and enchantmentism sector EssayInbound and Outbound TourismOutbound tourism is when you leaving the UK to choke to another country for business or leisure. Outbound tour operator is organising holidays and set asides a range of dismiss package deals, which you go off combine with accommodation, captivate to the destination and ground transport such as a transfer from the airport to the hotel. The two largest tour operators are Thomson and Thomas Cook Group.Outbound travel agents can give advice, sell and administer the booking for a number of different tour operators. 7000 travel position has been estimated in the UK, some of these agencies have multiple branches while others are independent shops. Some online travel agencies travel only on the internet and have no physical outlet on the high route for example online agencies are Expedia, Ebookers, Travelocity and Opodo.Outbound TransportIn the UK, there are varieties of ferry, rail and airlines preside ncys providing transport operate to other countries. The Euro star is the outward rail for the UK, it get tos passengers to France (Paris and Lille) and Belgium (Brussels). Norfolk Line is the outgoing ferry company in the UK, it take passengers from Dover to France.Supporting organisations- There are various supporting organisations that provide a regulation and procession role for outbound tourism. Ancillary organisations- There are a variety of ancillary organisations that support outbound tourist, these include car hire and insurance companies. An example of ancillary organisation is providing travel insurance to outbound traveller can be found at GO, Columbus Direct and Direct- travel.Inbound tourism is when a foreign tourists coming in to the UK for business or leisure Inbound Tour operator- UK inbound tour operators can fig out travel service for groups of inbound tourists. After the tourists have arrived by plane, these organisations can organise transfers, accommodati ons, tours, interaries, events and education for them. Coachoperators- Coach Operators are the first UK travel and tourism organisations used by a group of inbound tourists arriving in the UK by coach operators. They can provide a range of transport operations for inbound tourist ranging from simple airport to accommodation and transport to full tours around the UK.Many coaches provide DVD/video players, toilets, tea and coffee services.Supporting organisation- There are many supporting organisation that operate in Britain. For example, Meet England is the official body responsible for promoting England as meetings and events destinations, venue, and travel arrangements for those organising conferences.Ancillary organisations- As with domestics and outbound tourism, there are a variety of ancillary organisation which support inbound travel and tourism organisations, including car hire companies such as enterprise easy car and national.

Education and Skills Bill Essay Example for Free

reading and Skills history EssayThe gentility and Skills batting order introduces a hot line of products on puppyish individual mint in England to participate in procreation or genteelness until the historic period of 18. The circular follows the chiliad paper bringing up Expectations staying in knowledge and fostering, which described the perceived benefits to individuals, the economy and society of unfledged mickle staying in gentility or knowledge for longer. Responsibility for nourish operate currently carried turn off by the Connexions service will be transferred to topical anaesthetic command authorities (LEAs).The Bill makes changes relating to pornographic skills. The Bill similarly provides for the transfer of the regulatory regime for strong-minded schools in England from the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families to the Chief inspector of teaching, Childrens Services and Skills (the new Ofsted) in that respect ar mi scellaneous r overthrowers in relation to pupil behaviour, outer makings, inspection of teacher training, and Schools Forums.Also a modelling power is provided for the subject Assembly for Wales to legis deeply in relation to the inspection of pre-16 instructional activity and training. The territorial reserve extent of the Bill varies according to the scope of the different pabulum. The Bill contains nutriment that trigger the Sewel Convention. Christine Gillie companionable Policy Section Contri merelyions Ed Beale, Paul Bolton, Grahame Danby, Susan Hubble, Vincent Keter House of Commons Library.Recent Library Research written document include 07/72 07/73 The Governance of Britain Green Paper Child Maintenance and Other Payments Bill Committee Stage Report 07/74 07/75 07/76 07/77 07/78 07/79 07/80 Economic Indicators, November 2007 Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Supplementary cookerys) Bill Un friendship by Constituency, October 2007 The European Communities (Finance) Bill B ill 2 of 2007-08 Sale of Student Loans Bill Housing and Regeneration Bill Bill 8 of 2007-08 The EU Re seduce. pact amendments to the Treaty on European Union 07/81 07/82 07/83 07/84 07/85 07/86 wellness and Social C atomic number 18 Bill House of Lords developments since January 2004 Economic Indicators, December 2007 Planning Bill Bill 11 of 2007-08 Crossrail Bill Committee Stage Report The Treaty of Lisbon amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Community 22. 11. 07 03. 12. 07 04. 12. 07 06. 12. 07 06. 12. 07 06. 12. 07 06. 11. 07 09. 11. 07 14. 11. 07 15. 11. 07 15. 11. 07 22. 11. 07 22. 11. 07 26.10. 07 02. 11. 07 Research written document are available as PDF files to members of the general public on the Parliamentary web site, URL http//www. parliament. uk inwardly Parliament to users of the Parliamentary Intranet, URL http//hcl1. hclibrary. parliament. uk Library Research Papers are compiled for the benefit of Members of Parliament and their face-to-face staff . Authors are available to discuss the contents of these papers with Members and their staff but cannot advise members of the general public.We incur comments on our papers these should be sent to the Research Publications Officer, Room 407, 1 Derby Gate, London, SW1A 2DG or e-mailed to emailprotected uk ISSN 1368-8456 unofficial The raising and Skills Bill was presented in the House of Commons on 28 November 2007. At the same duration informative Notes, an Impact sound judgment and a Memorandum of Delegated Powers were overly make. The Bill, as presented, is in five parts. whatsoever of the plannings are linked to the Governments policies for reforming 14 to 19 education and improving the development and skills of young people and adults.Other parts of the Bill are on separate matters particularly relating to the regularisation and inspection of independent schools and colleges. mathematical function 1 introduces a new job on young people in England to participate in education or training until the age of 18, and creates a statutory frame get to support and enforce it with new duties on local education authorities (LEAs ), educational providers and employers. The raising of the usage age will be introduced in two stages to 17 by 2013 and to 18 by 2015. Provision is made for LEAs to enforce the mesh duty, if necessary.They may issue attendance notices to young people who refuse to participate. sunrise(prenominal) attendance panels will be created to hear appeals and to monitor the enforcement process. LEAs may similarly issue parenting contracts or parenting orders to parents of young people who are failing to fulfil the duty to participate. The proposals follow the leafy vegetable paper raising Expectations staying in education and training (March 2007), which described the perceived benefits to individuals and society of young people staying in education and training for longer.While there has been childlike acceptance of the principle that young people will benefit from act until they are 18, concern has been expressed about making it compulsory. Part 2 makes provision for the transfer to LEAs of the information, advice and support services for young people currently provided by the Connexions service. This follows proposals in the Youth Matters green paper (July 2005). The supporting for the Connexions service will be transferred to LEAs in April 2008.It is intended that LEAs will continue to maintain the Connexions infobase so as to help them provide the pay off support services to young people and promote the new duty on young people to participate in education or training. Part 2 also places a duty on LEAs to arrange for the assessment of the education and training needs of a soulfulness with a statement of exceptional educational needs (SEN) during their last family of schooling. This takes account of the change in the Bill to raise the affaire age.Other provisions in Part 2 include a indispensabili ty for tributary schools to present careers information in an impartial way and to provide careers advice that is in the dress hat inte succors of the child an explicit duty on the Learning and Skills Council (LSC) to provide proper facilities for apprenticeships for 16 to 18 socio-economic class olds, and to make reasonable provision for apprenticeships for those aged 19 and over a requirement for LEAs to collapse demand to move times in preparing their transport policies for students of hexadth-form age attending educational establishments and a requirement for LEAs to co-operate with partners who are responsible for 14 to 19 education and training.Part 3 contains provisions in relation to adult skills. The issue of maintaining a sufficiently skilled workforce to meet the economys needs in the face of growing global competition has become change magnitude prominent, particularly since the publication of the Leitch Review of Skills in 2006. In its result to the review, th e Government particularise out a range of goals relating to workforce skills for 2020 and outlined how it intended to achieve them.This Bill places duties on the LSC to provide a free entitlement to training for all adults in England aged over 19 up to their first full Level 2 qualification, with a similar entitlement up to Level 3 for those aged 19-25. Provision is also made to enable the sharing of data mingled with relevant departments and the devolved administrations in order to assist in the effective assessment and provision of education and training for those aged 19 and over. Part 4 creates a wider definition of an independent educational institution in England, which includes certain half-time educational provision, to which the regulatory regime for independent schools in England will oblige.That regime, currently contained in the Education turn 2002, is restated in Chapter 1 of Part 4. The regulatory framework for independent educational institutions is changed so th at the Chief Inspector of Education, Childrens Services and Skills (the new Ofsted) and not the Secretary of State is the registration authority. The function of approving non-well-kept special schools is also transferred from the Secretary of State to the Chief Inspector. Sixth-form pupils in nonmaintained special schools are given a right to opt out of religious worship. (Pupils in mainstream maintained schools already have this right under the Education and Inspections Act 2006.) The Bill also seeks to amend region 347 of the Education Act 1996 to remove in England the mob of approved independent school for the placement of a child with a statement of SEN, and to remove the requirement for LEAs in England to seek consent to place pupils with statements of SEN in non-approved independent schools. Other changes in Part 4 include the introduction of a new management standard for independent educational institutions, and changes relating to fees for registration and inspection. Par t 5 includes miscellaneous provisions in relation to pupil behaviour, the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) and the approval of external qualifications, the inspection of teacher training, and the constitution of Schools Forums.Also Part 5 creates a framework power for the National A ssembly for Wales to legislate in relation to the inspection of pre-16 education and training. The Bill blow ups to England and Wales. M whatever of the provisions apply to England only. A number of new or expanded powers are conferred on Welsh Ministers. (These are set out in table 1 of the Explanatory Notes to the Bill. )Five articles that relate to sharing information extend to Scotland and trigger the Sewel Convention. Two clauses relating to the remit of the QCA extend to Northern Ireland. This research paper outlines the key provisions of the Bill, and provides gutsground on them. It is not intended to be a comprehensive account of the clauses. A detailed clause by clause account is given in the Explanatory Notes to the Bill.Library contacts Christine Gillie raising the confederation age, Connexions service, special educational needs, post-16 transport, regulation and inspection of independent schools, pupil behaviour and attendance and Schools Forums Paul Bolton statistics on the above Ed Beale apprenticeships, training and adult skills Grahame Danby data processing Susan Hubble fiscal support for students and external qualifications Vincent Keter employers and business CONTENTS I Part 1 of the Bill duty to participate in education or training (England).A. B. Introduction Background 1. History 2. friendship of 16 and 17 form olds in education, consumption and training 3. The green paper and the case for change 4. Responses to the green paper C. D. Overview of the proposed system for raising participation 7 7 8 8 8 12 15 20 Suitable provision and enabling young people to participate the tetrad building blocks 23 The Bill 1. Key provisions 2. Comment 31 31 35 38 38 38 40 41 42 43 43 E. IIPart 2 of the Bill Support for participation in education or training young adults with learning difficulties and young people in England A. Provision of support services (Connexions Service) 1. Background 2. The Bill B. C. D. E. F. Assessments relating to learning difficulties Careers education Apprenticeships Provision of transport for persons of sixth form age journey times Co-operation as regards provision of 14 to 19 education and training 44 45 45 47 49 III Part 3 of the Bill Adult Skills A. Background 1. The Leitch Review of Skills 2. sure measures to address adult skills 3. House of Commons Education and Skills Committee report Post-16 Skills 51 B. The Bill 1. response IV Part 4 of the Bill regulation and inspection of independent educational provision in England A. Current arrangements for regulation and inspection of independent schools Consultation proposals Response The Bill 53 54 55 55 57 61 63 64 64 65 66 68 69 69 70 B. C. D. V Part 5 of the Bill miscellaneous provisions A. B. C. D. E. F. Pre-16 education and trainingWales Maintained schools in England behaviour and attendance External qualifications Inspections of teacher training in England Schools Forums General provisions VI VII Data processing Appendix I Reaction from specific organisations to the green paper, elevation expectations staying in education and training 73 Appendix II relevant documents 85 VIII.RESEARCH stem 07/87 I A. Part 1 of the Bill duty to participate in education or training (England) Introduction In March 2007 the Governments green paper Raising Expectations staying in education and training post-16, proposed that the minimum age at w hich young people should leave education or training should be raised to 18.1 The participation age would be increased in two stages to age 17 from family line 2013, and to 18 from September 2015. The green paper set out a detailed package of measures for consultation. Alongside the green paper the Gov ernment promulgated an Initial restrictive Impact Assessment on the estimated cost of the proposals.2 (These projections have been reviewed and revised and are now published in the Impact Assessment that accom panies the Education and Skills Bill see below). In July 2007 the Government published a report of the consultation on the green papers proposals. While it far-famed that there had been wide acceptance of the principle that young people would benefit from continuing to develop their skills formally until they were 18, it also noted that there was concern about making participation compulsory. 3 Also in July 2007, the Government published World Class Skills Implementing the Leitch Review of Skills in England. 4 This set out the Governments plans to better the skills of young people and adults.The Governments Draft Legislative Programme, published on 11 July 2007, proclaimed that a bill would be introduced to ensure that young people stay in education or training until age 1 8, and to provide new rights to skills training for adults.5 In his Fabian Society gravel on 5 November 2007, Ed Balls, the Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, described the Governments proposals, and published a upgrade document From policy to legislation. This explained how the Government intended to proceed, and what aspects of the policy required legislation. 6 Also on 5 November 2007, the Government published its strategy for reducing the proportion of young people not in education, employment or training. 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Raising Expectations staying in education and training post-16, Cm 7065, March 2007 http//www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/6965-DfESRaising%20Expectations%20Green%20Paper. pdf Initial Regulatory Impact Assessment for Raising Expectations staying in education and training post16, DfES, March 2007http//www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/RIA%20FINAL%20word%20version. pdf Raising Expectations Consultation Report , DCSF, July 2007 http//www. dfes. gov. uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/Raising%20Expectations%20Consultation%20R eport. pdf http//www. dfes. gov. uk/skillsstrategy/uploads/documents/World%20Class%20Skills%20FINAL. pdf http//www. cabinetoffice. gov.uk/reports/governance. aspx Raising Expectations Staying in education and training post 16 From policy to legislation, DCSF, November 2007http//www. dfes. gov. uk/14-19/documents/Raising%20Expectations. pdf Reducing the number of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) by 2013, DCSF, 5 November 2007 http//www. dfes. gov. uk/14-19/documents/NEET%20%20Strategy. pdf 7 RESEARCH opus 07/87 The Education and Skills Bill was presented in the House of Commons on 28 November 2007. 8 Explanatory Notes9, an Impact Assessment10, a Memorandum of Delegated Powers11 and a condensed Guide 12 were also published. B. 1. Background HistoryThe Education Act 1918 raised the compulsory school leave age from 12 to 14. It also made prov ision for all young people to participate in at least(prenominal) odd-job(prenominal) education until they were 18 but this provision was not implemented. The end of the First World war was followed by a period of austerity public expenditure cuts dubbed the Geddes axe 13 meant that the aspiration of increasing participation was not achieved. The Education Act 1944 made provision to raise the school release age to 16 but this was not implemented until 1972. 14 The 1944 Act also re-enacted the 1918 provision to extend participation at least part-time until the age of 18 but again this was not implemented.The school leaving age has remained at 16 since 1972, although the leaving date was amended in 1997. 15 2. Participation of 16 and 17 class olds in education, employment and training At the end of 2006 around six out of every seven 16 and 17 grade olds were provisionally estimated to be in several(prenominal) form of education or training. The large majority were in fulltime e ducation, others were in Government support Work establish Learning (WBL)16, Employer Funded readiness 17 or other types of education and training including part-time courses.The latest data are summarised below 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Education and Skills Bill, Bill 12, Session 2007-08 http//www.publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200708/cmbills/012/08012. i-v. html Education and Skills Bill Explanatory Notes http//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200708/cmbills/012/en/index_012. htm Impact Assessment of the Education and Skills Bill, DCSF, 29 November 2009http//www. dfes. gov. uk/publications/educationandskills/docs/impact_assessment. pdf Memorandum of Delegated Powers, DCSF, 28 November 2007 (an electronic model was not available at time of writing but a hardcopy was available from the Vote Office) DCSF, Short Guide to the Education and Skills Bill http//www. dfes. gov. uk/publications/educationandskills/docs/BillNarrative.doc aft(prenominal) Sir Eric Geddes who chaire d a committee set up to give notice economies SI 1972 No 444 The 1997 change introduced a single school leaving date the last Friday in June in the school course of instruction in which a young person reaches age 16 DfES gamin 11/97, School Leaving Date for 16 social class Olds, September 1997 http//www. teachernet. gov. uk/management/atoz/S/schoolleavingdate/index. cfm? cipher=furt Includes Advanced Apprenticeships, Apprenticeships, Entry to affair and NVQ Learning.Young people who received training in the previous four weeks, includes non-WBL apprenticeships. 8 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 Education, employment and training post of 16 and 17 class olds in England, 2006 16 year oldsnumber % of population 17 year olds number % of population 16 and 17 year olds number % of population Full-time education Work Based Learning Of which also in full-time education Employer Funded Training Other education and training Total education and training Not in any education or training Of which also not in employment Source 516,900 37,700 1,300 15,000 25,600 593,800 68,400 42,800 78.1% 5. 7% 0. 2% 2. 3% 3. 9% 89. 7% 10. 4% 6. 5% 428,600 51,600 1,200 26,700 32,000 537,600 122,000 62,700 65. 0% 7. 8% 0. 2% 4. 0% 4. 9% 81. 5% 18. 5% 9. 5% 945,500 89,300 2,500 41,600 57,600 1,131,400 190,400 105,500 71. 5% 6. 8% 0. 2% 3. 1% 4. 4% 85. 6% 14. 4% 8. 0%.Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England 2005 and 2006 and Participation in Education and Training by 16 and 17 Year Olds in each Local Area in England 2004 and 2005, DCSF Overall participation rates were higher for 16/17 year old females at 88% compared to 83% for males.The gap was nearly 10 function points for full-time education participation, but young men were more likely to be in superstar of the training categories. These figures are found on the academic year age of young people, i. e. their age at the start of the academic year. Therefore 16 year olds are in their first year af terwards the end of compulsory education.The data are estimated as at the end of the calendar year, thusly several(prenominal) of these young people will have had their 17th/18th birthdays. Among the bingle million 16 and 17 year olds in full or part time education in 2006, 426,000 were in further education/specialist colleges, 366,000 were in maintained schools, 130,000 in sixth form colleges and 82,000 in independent schools. The boilers suit number in full-time education has increased by 14% over the last go the largest proportionate increases were at sixth form colleges (22%) and at maintained schools (19%). There was relationly little discrepancy in the type of education attended by 16 and 17 year olds. A some higher proportion of 17 year olds attended further education colleges at the expense of maintained schools.18 Trends in participation by broad status are summarised in the table at the end of this section. In the early 1950s (when the school leaving age was 15) fewe r than one in five 16 year olds and fewer than one in ten 17 year olds were in full time education in England and Wales.Immediately before the leaving age was increased to 16 (1972) these figures had increased to around one in three 16 year olds and one in six 17 year olds. The 16 year olds participation rate reached 50% in the mid seventies the 17 year olds rate reached this level in the early 1990s. 19 At the end of 2006 78% of 16 year olds and 65% of 17 year olds were in full time education in England. 20 Both were record highs. 18 19 20.DCSF SFR 22/2007, Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England 2005 and 2006 and Participation in Education and Training by 16 and 17 Year Olds in each Local Area in England 2004 and 2005 Statistics of Education 1962 part one, Ministry of Education Education and training statistics for the United Kingdom 2006 and earlier, DfES DCSF SFR 22/2007F 9 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87.a. 16 and 17 year olds not in education or training The earlier table showed that there were an estimated 190,000 16 and 17 year olds not in any education or training ( terminal), 106,000 of whom were not in work and hence not in any education, employment or training (NEET). The NEET rate among 16 and 17 year old males was 9. 5% compared to 6. 4% for females. 16 year olds had a lower NEET rate than 17 year olds (6. 5% v 9. 5%). Around 60% of those in the NEET category were classed as unemployed21, the rest were economically inactive.22 While there is a particular focus of attention on young people who are not in education, employment or training (the NEETs), the Bill proposes a duty on those in employment to participate in some training or education hence it is also relevant for the NETs. The latest similar sub-national data collected is for the end of 2005.This only looked at education and Work Based Learning (WBL) and showed that the total proportion of 16 and 17 year olds not in either category was lowest in London (16%) , the South East (18%) and the South West (18%) and highest in Yorkshire and the Humber (23%) and the East Midlands (21%). 23 More recent data from Connexions, which is not directly comparable, gives NEET rates at the end of 2006 which vary from 5. 6% in the South East and 6. 0% in the South West to 10. 5% in the North East and 9.2% in Yorkshire and the Humber. 24 b. Trends The table at the end this section summarises trends in NET and NEET rates. These are also illustrated in the charts below. 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1985 NET NEET 16 year olds 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1985 17 year olds NET NEET 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 There was a let out in the series in 1994 and there have been some recent more minor inconsistencies. However, some trends are clear. The NEET rate among 16 year olds fell in the early 1990s and increased steadily for much of the last decade to a high of 8.1% in 200 5. The provisional fall to 6. 5% in 2006 takes it to its lowest level for al most(prenominal) a decade. The NET rate for 16 year olds fell by a larger amount in the late 1980s and 21 22 23 24 ILO definition of unemployment DCSF SFR 22/2007 ibid. NEET Statistics Quarterly Brief, DCSF 10 RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 early 1990s as there was a general stir up from employment and WBL to full-time education. This rate increased from 9. 2% in 1994 to 14. 3% in 2001, but has since move to 10. 3% in 2006. The NEET rate among 17 year olds fell by around half between 1984 and 1994 to 7. 7%. This rate has increased more recently to 10. 9% in 2005 before dropping back to 9.5% in 2006. The NET rate fell from 44% in 1984 to below 20% in 1993 as there was a major shift from employment to full-time education. The scale of this was even greater than that seen among 16 year olds. The level of this rate increased from the late 1990s onwards to almost 22% before falling back to below 18% in 2006. Trends in education, employment and training status of 16 and 17 year olds in England Percentages (a)(b) 1985 Full-time education Work Based Learning Employer Funded Training (c) Other Education and Training Total Education and training Total Not in any education or training Of which also not in employment Notes 1990 51. 1 19. 1 7.5 3. 5 79. 7 20. 3 8. 0 1995 65. 6 11. 6 4. 0 4. 3 84. 7 15. 3 6. 7 2000 65. 6 9. 5 3. 7 4. 9 83. 5 16. 5 7. 1 2001 64. 8 8. 4 3. 9 5. 2 82. 1 17. 9 8. 4 2002 65. 4 7. 9 4. 0 5. 2 82. 4 17. 6 8. 2 2003 66. 0 8. 1 4. 1 5. 2 83. 2 16. 8 7. 7 2004 67. 2 7. 9 3. 8 4. 9 83. 6 16. 4 8. 3 2005 2006p 69. 2 7. 4 3. 5 4. 5 84. 5 15. 5 9. 5 71. 5 6. 8 3. 1 4. 4 85. 6 14. 4 8. 0 39. 7 16. 1 9. 2 4. 5 68. 2 31. 8 11. 0 There was a break in the series in 1994 due to changes in the source of further and higher education data. (a) Participation estimates may be slightly underestimated for 16 year olds between 1999 and 2000 and 17 year olds between 2000 and 2001.(b) There is a disco ntinuity from 2002 onwards whereby participation in additional institutions are included for the first time. This increases the full-time education rate by around 0. 1 points and the any education or training rate by around 0. 4 points (c) Includes other part-time education not included elsewhere and full- or part-time education in independent further or higher education institutions. Source Participation in Education, Training and Employment by 16-18 Year Olds in England 2005 and 2006 and Participation in Education and Training by 16 and 17 Year Olds in each Local Area in England 2004 and 2005, DCSF c.International likeness of inscription in education 16 year old enrolment rate in collateral education, 2005100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% FRA GRE AUS SWE NOR KOR OST sixty IRE BEL ICE SWI 0% US POL SLO JAP UK ITA POR OECD MEX clairvoyance CZ FIN NED DEN NZ TUR OECD data on enrolment by age look at the factual age of pupils/students, the rates calculated are different f rom those given earlier. In 2005 94% of 16 year olds and 80% of 17 year olds were in secondary 25 education in the UK. The 16 year olds rate was three percentage points above the OECD average, the 17 year olds rate three points below.The UKs relative position is shown opposite. Source Education at a Glance 2007, OECD. parry C2. 3 25 This is based on the assessed academic level using international classification which at their highest level split education into primary, secondary and tertiary.It does not mean these pupils are in secondary schools. 11 GER HUN RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 Although the UKs participation rate for 16 year olds was above the OECD average it was still below that of most other countries as the average was skewed downwards by much lower levels in bomb and Mexico.The UK ranked 18th out of 29 states included in the 16 year olds measure and twentieth on the 17 year olds rate. 17 year old enrolment rate in secondary education, 2005 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% SLO 0% KOR HUN NOR CZ GER SWE BEL POL FIN JAP OST OECD POR GRE MEX DEN NED TUR AUS ICE SWI ESP FRA LUX IRE NZ US UK Some of the countries ranked Source Education at a Glance 2007, OECD. plug-in C2.3 below the UK have relatively high enrolment rates in non-secondary education, 26 but direct comparisons cannot be made due to a lack of comparable data on enrolment on these types of education in the UK. 27 3. The green paper and the case for change The green paper, Raising Expectations staying in education and training post-16, described the perceived benefits to individuals and society of young people staying in education and training for longer.28 It proposed a detailed package of measures for consultation. These were summarised in the DfES press notice launching the green paper From 2013, young people should remain in education or training after 16 this means the first pupils to be affected would be those entering secondary school in September next year.Young people would be r equired to work towards accredited qualifications at school, in a college, or in on the job training or day release Apprenticeships will be significantly expanded so that they are available to any qualified young person who wants one Participation should be full time for young people not in employment for a significant part of the week and part time for those working more than 20 hours a weekBetter advice and guidance for young people to enable them to access the provision thats right for them A high quality, accurate registration system to keep track of the education options a young person has chosen and to make sure they dont drop out Building on the Education Maintenance Allowance we will consider new financial support measures to ensure young people from low income 26 27 28 Tertiary and post-secondary non-tertiary Education at a Glance 2007, OECD.Table C2. 3 Raising Expectations staying in education and training post-16, Cm 7065, March 2007 http//www. dfes. gov. uk/consult ations/downloadableDocs/6965-DfESRaising%20Expectations%20Green%20Paper. pdf 12 ITA RESEARCH PAPER 07/87 backgrounds get the support they need to overcome any barriers to participation. To make sure the right provision is in place the new requirement would not be implemented until 2013 by which time the new Diplomas will be a National Entitlement.This will give young people a superior of A levels, GCSEs, the International Baccalaureate, the new Diplomas, Apprenticeships, and accredited in work training. Young people would be supported to re-engage if they drop out through integrated Youth Support Services. Any enforcement process would be employ only as a last resort if a young person refused to re-engage. 29 Chapter 2 of the green paper set out the evidential basis for raising the education and training participation age. This referred to research showing that young people who stay on in education and training after 16 are more likely to gain further qualifications by 18 than tho se who go into employment without training or drop out altogether.Individuals with qualifications earn more than those without. In addition to higher wages, betterqualified individuals have improved employment prospects and an increased likelihood of receiving workplace training. There are also wider benefits associated with higher qualification levels, such as improved health and better social skills. The green paper noted march on the relationship between higher levels of skills and qualifications and economic performance and productivity. It highlighted evidence suggesting that up to one 5th of the UKs output per hour productivity gap with Germany and an eighth of the gap with France results from the UKs relatively silly skills.The green paper also noted the wider benefits to society from increased participation. It stated that those who participate are less(prenominal) likely to experience teenage pregnancy, be involved in evil or behave anti-socially. The green paper refers to a study that looked at Offender Index data between 1984 and 2001 which showed that an additional year of compulsory schooling decreases conviction rates for property crime, and that it has also been estimated that compulsory schooling lowers the likelihood of committing crime or going to prison. 30 The green paper went on to outline t e combining of measures taken so far to h encourage increased participation.These include changes to the 14 to 19 curriculum and the introduction of new specialist diplomas with an emphasis on applied and practical learning changes to the curriculum for 11 to 14 year olds to allow greater flexibility and personalisation of learning an expansion of work-based learning from September 2007 a September Guarantee of an offer of an appropriate learning place for every young person leaving school at 16 improvements in information, advice and guidance for young people to help them make choices and financial support through educational maintenance allowanc es.