Folic Acid Biotechnological Production and Applications

Folic Acid Biotechnological Production and ApplicationsNUR SHAHIRAH BINTI BAHARUDINSummaryFolic acetousic (synthetic form) which as well known as vitamin Bc (natur any(prenominal)y occurring form) is a member of the water alcohol-soluble B complex vitamin. Folic superman is man-made. It can be nominate in umteen beans, grains, fortified breakfast cereals, pasta, and green ve arrayables. Folic acridulous plays big crack in building DNA and aids the body to make parvenu young stalls, especially red filiation cells. Folic point hold worldwide properties of water-soluble vitamin which be enter the line of creditstream properties immediately after world consumed through excretion in urine. Other than that, unlike fat-soluble vitamin, they ar comfortably destroyed in heat or by air pressure. These folic acidulated atomic number 18 absorbed into blood via portal vein to the liver.Vitamin B9 including folic acid and pteroylglutamic acid is burning(prenominal) for several(prenominal) bodily functions which are used for synthesizing and repairing DNA, ribonucleic acid and , assisting fast cell division and growth to produce healthy red blood cells. It is important for heavy(predicate) women to own teeming folic acid to pr counterbalancet major(ip) birth daubs of her babys brain or spine and enhances brain health. The memory is verbalize to be improved through folic acid consumption. The human body does not synthesize folic acid, therefore to make sure we have adequate amounts ,we should fritter away it everyday. To reduce the organize of queasy electron tube defects there are many countries are adopted the policy of fortification of folic acid. When fortification is introduced , many mass are exposed to an increased consumption of folic acid .With this, neuronal tube defects can be prevented. For animals, diet that consists can influence DNA and histone. This leads to phenotypic changes in next generation. While for domain, th e increased intake leads to elevated blood concentrations and of un metabolised folic acid. This cogitate to decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and reduce the solvent to anti pteroylglutamic acid drugs used against cancer, malaria, and cancer.Keywords Folic acid, water-soluble vitamin,fat-soluble vitamin, methylation,antifolate1 INTRODUCTIONHistory of Folic acid by a research made by Indian scientist, there is corporation between the macrocytic anaemia and deficiency in the diet. However, what kind of deficiency was not determined.The name of folic acid was suggested which coming from the Latin word for the leaf foium,due to a factor suspected of having vitamin-like properties in animals that was isolated from spinach.In 1945, the importance of folic acid to treat a fibre of amenia during pregnancy can be seen through a demonstration. In 1962 , Dr. Victor Herbert conducted experiment on himself in order to show a shortage of folic acid caused a type of anemia.The exper iment is successful. It was Dr. Herberts findings that set the criteria for the diagnosis of folate deficiency and the folic acid adult requirement.Figure 1.1 Chemical Structure of Folic Acid2 FOLIC caustic BIOLOGICAL ROLES2.1 DNA and Cell DivisionFor the merchandise DNA and RNA entailment and maintaining new cells, folate is requisite. And it is likewise required in preventing changes to DNA, and, thus, for preventing cancer. more than specifically it helps in the manufacture of nucleic acids like Thymine. A folate coenzyme is required for the deduction of methionine, and methionine is required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). SAM is a methyl convention (one-carbon unit) donor used in many biological methylation reactions, including the methylation of a number of sites within DNA and RNA.2.2 Biochemistry of DNA base and amino acid productionIn the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate (THF) compounds, folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single-ca rbon-transfer reactions, and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP (2-deoxythymidine-5-phosphate) from dUMP (2-deoxyuridine-5-phosphate). It is a substrate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B12 and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and required for all dividing cells.2.3 Conversion to biologically active derivatives only the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives. Their biological handiness to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver. This action is unusually slow in humans. Due to this low activity, it has been suggested this limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (1 mg/d for adults)3 FOLIC ACID USES AND EFFECTIVENESSKidney diseaseAb bring out 90% of people with serious kidney disease have high levels of homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to h eart disease and stroke.By taking folic acid,it whitethorn lower homocysteine levels in people with serious kidney disease. However,through a research, folic acid supplementation are free-base fail to reduce the risk of heart disease-related events.Colon CancerFolic acid play big role of protection for patients with the inflammatory bowel delay ulcerative colitis are particularly at risk for colon cancer. In a subsequent muse, researchers examined the make of folate on a laboratory model of colorectal cancer development in mice. They ascertained that animals consuming a folate-deficient diet developed intestinal masses, while those mice on a control diet consuming adequate amounts of folate remained shrive of tumors. The conclusion is that folate deficiency increased DNA damage by decreasing the expression of two genes involved in DNA repair. This study is consistent with the majority of epidemiological studies in humans, which demonstrate a pinch link between colorectal cance r development and inadequate folate consumption.4 Folic Acid The most essential nutrient for PregnancyFolic acid is well-known as the most essential nutrient for pregnancy. There are many studies have shown that women can reduce the risk that their baby get out be born with a serious neural tube defect ( incomplete development of the brain and spinal electric cord) up to 70% for women who get 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) daily prior to conception and during early pregnancy.The most universal neural tube defects are spina bifida, an incomplete closure of the spinal cord and spinal column anencephaly, severe underdevelopment of the brain encephalocele, when brain tissue protrudes out to the skin from an abnormal opening in the skull.Its so important for all women of childbearing age to get plenteous folic acid , not mediocre those who are planning to become with child(predicate), because all of these defects occur during the first 28 days of pregnancy usually before a woman even knows shes pregnant. Through a survey, only 50% of pregnancies are planned, so any woman who could become pregnant should make sure shes getting enough folic acid.Folic acid has no use biochemically in the body until it is converted into these other forms of folate such asTetrahydrofolate (THF)5-formyltetrahydrofolate (Folinic acid)5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate5-methyltetrahydrofolate (Methylfolate5 FOOD SOURCES OF vitamin MFolic acid is a form of folate. Since folate is water-soluble B vitamin, it is found naturally in foods. This vitamin cannot be synthesized in our body. Folate is important for everyone especially it helps make red blood cells. If you do not have enough folate, you can get a type of anaemia. If you have anaemia you may feel tired, weak and unable to concentrate. Folate also very important for infants, children and women who are pregnant. It helps to prevent some birth defects. Women who could become pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding need more folate. They should take a daily folic acid supplement of 400 mcg (0.4 mg).In addition to poor dietary intake of deficient intake of other B vitamins can contribute to folate deficiency. These vitamins include B1, B2, and B3 which are all involved in folate recycling. myopic protein intake can cause deficiency of folate binding protein which is necessary for optimal absorption of folate from the intestine, and can also be related to an insufficient supply of glycine and serine, the amino acids that directly participate in metabolic recycling of folate. Excessive intake of alcohol, smoking, and heavy coffee drunkenness can also contribute to folate deficiency.How much folate should everyone indicate?Nutrient InteractionsHow do other nutrients interact with folate ?Vitamins B1, B2, and B3 must be present in adequate amounts to enable folic acid to can efface a vitamin B12 deficiency, by masking blood-related symptoms.A Food evaluate System is created in order to better help to identify foods that property a high concentration of nutrients for the calories they contain, we created This system allows us to highlight the foods that are especially rich in particular nutrients. The succeeding(a) chart shows the Worlds Healthiest Foods that are either an excellent, very good, or good source of folate. Next to from each one food name, we may find the serving size we used to calculate the foods nutrient compositionTable 1.2 Use the following to determine the intake of folate6 FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCYshortfall of folic acid can cause severe health problems in offspring, including anaemia, cardiovascular and liver diseases. A study out today revealed that the metabolism of folic acid not only impacts the immediate offspring but can also have detrimental health effectuate on the next several generations due to a mutation in a gene necessary. The new research, which also focus on the molecular mechanism of folic acid.The damaging effects of folic acid deficiency on developme nt are quite renowned. This is demonstrate t by the researchers, from the Universities of Cambridge and Calgary. They used mice in this experiment as they metabolize folic acid very similarly to humans, because folic acid deficiency or mutations in the same genes required to break down folic acid in humans result in similar developmental abnormalities and diseases in mice. This enables the researchers to analyze the effects of how the molecular mechanism of folic acid deficiency impacted development that create health problems.Other than that, inadequate in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anaemia, a disease which red blood cell are big than normal. It characterized by the production of fewer but larger red blood cells, thus a reduce ability to abide oxygen. Those affected may be weak, light-headed, and short of breath due to anemia. A deficiency in B12 can also result in variable degrees of neuropathy or nerve damage .The symptoms of lack of B12 can cause fidgety a nd numbness in the persons hands and feet. In severe cases, mental changes that chain from confusion and irritability to dementia may appear.For proper foetal development, pregnant women need sufficient amounts of folate.Increased amounts of folate required because of the added stress of rapidly outgrowth cells (the foetus), If a woman has a folate deficiency during pregnancy, it will be quicken during gestation and may lead to premature birth and neural tube birth defects, such as spina bifida, in the child. The number of neural tube defect cases decreased by 36% in the U.S. since focal point on folate supplements during pregnancy. Restless leg syndrome during pregnancy is another neurologic symptom associated with decreased folate.