Racialization of savagery Essay

In his essay ‘The Tempest in the Wilderness: The Racialization of Slavery’, Ronald Takaki (1992) discusses how savagery as generally understood by Europeans since the early seventeenth century became identified with and synonymous to the races of Native Americans and transplanted Africans. He shows how this historical construction of savagery proceeded from a general understanding of civilization as similar with and synonymous to being European. He demonstrates in the historical experience that he examines the creation of the binary opposition ‘European-civilized/Others-savage’. He used The Tempest, the play by William Shakespeare, as a starting point in delivering his argument. He says that the play â€Å"can be approached as a fascinating tale about the creation of a new society in America. † As a play, as literature, as a work of art, The Tempest inevitably drew upon prevailing, if not dominant, perceptions of Europeans colonizers’ encounter with Native Americans. Europeans after all have not been at that time exposed to such people, and those who were indeed exposed were but a minority of the population. The existing conditions therefore allowed, if not forced, a narrow, one-sided and ethnocentric appreciation of the Indians. This is the context of The Tempest. The play was written after the first encounter with American Indians but before the full-scale colonization of New England began. In the play, the main character Prospero encountered Caliban – a beastly creature that captures the stereotype of Native Americans. Caliban’s appearance is deformed and dark, and his behavior is savage. He personified ‘a born devil’ who belonged to a ‘vile race’. He represented intellectual incapacity as well as nature in its raw form. He is therefore the diametrical opposite of Prospero – intelligent, civilized, and normal-looking and therefore European, driven by lofty principles. The Native Americans in New England were racially different from the Europeans. They were viewed as representatives of backwardness and inefficiency, different from and opposed to the modernity and technological advancement represented by Europeans. They reminded the English colonizers of the Irish savages because they were tribal and pagan. Their economic system appeared to the English colonizers as the primitive ancestor of the latter’s manufacturing system. The Indians had a dark complexion, lived in the forests and were open sexually. â€Å"Christianity, cities, letters, clothing and swords† – these, according to Takaki, are the things Europeans considered as hallmarks of civilization – their civilization – which Indians however lacked. Indians were seen as driven by wild passions, and not led by intellect, as Europeans thought about themselves (Weinberg 2003). Historical developments built upon this largely negative perception of American Indians to the detriment of the latter. The New England area was later to be occupied by English settlers who were devout Protestants and who condemned the American Indians as heathens. The American Indians were later to be called a ‘demonic race’ that is associated with evil. The Protestant English sought to reaffirm and strengthen their moral beliefs by defining these against the beliefs and practices of the American Indians. They are not American Indians and they must strive never to become similar with these people. They believed that the diseases afflicting large sections of the American Indian population were God’s way of punishing and destroying pagans, as well as of paving the way for God’s people to settle and reside in the lands of these peoples. When embroiled in conflicts over rightful ownership of lands, English settlers fell back on their religious beliefs, believing that it was their ‘Puritan destiny’ to occupy those lands. They even claimed that by not using their lands, the American Indians were merely wasting these. In short, economic contradictions between the two peoples worked to reinforce the racialization of savagery as a Native American character. In many ways, the appreciation of Africans by the European colonizers were similar to the latter’s appreciation of the Indians. There were also differences, however. The dark skin of the Africans by itself, and especially when understood as ‘black’, sets off into motion various cultural connotations for Europeans. Darkness or blackness often signifies evil, sinister or wicked forces in English culture. Africans were viewed as a baser, primal and lesser people who deserve to serve Europeans. The physical strength of Africans, in the context within which they were encountered by the Europeans, appeared to the European settlers as a form of threat. The Africans were therefore thought of as needing to be subjugated and controlled, tamed and enslaved. They embodied nature, not culture. This largely negative perception of Africans was reinforced later by succeeding developments. If they were initially perceived as slaves, slave-like, or deserving to be slaves, Africans were later to become slaves, thanks to complications in the class system of the English settlers. The English aristocracy demanded labor to capitalize on the growing tobacco demand. Landowners on the other hand depended on indentured servants, both black and white. The indentured servants aspired to become wealthy themselves, but were repressed to minimize competition for land and increase the supply of white laborers. This resulted in the Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676, in which lower-class workers fought the landowners. For depending on white labor, the landowners felt threatened. It is here that slaves from Africa came as a convenient way to address the problem. Africans can become slaves without the right to bear arms and assemble at meetings that were given to white laborers (Halford 1999). So the racialization of savagery is the outcome of a complex historical process that involved the encounter of two different cultures, societies, and economic and political systems – wherein one is debased from the perspective of the other whose identity came to be built upon the debasement. Important in this process is the uneven economic and military power between the two collectivities, as this factor determines whose perspective shall become dominant and shall persist among the two perspectives that naturally go with the two races. The racialization of savagery constitutes and is in turn constituted by, various cultural forms as exemplified by The Tempest. The participation of cultural forms in the racialization of savagery, though in a different but related contex, is also clarified in the influential book of Edward W. Said titled Orientalism (1979). 2. Compare the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaw’s with the Treaty Strategy that was applied to the Cherokee. What are the key differences between both approaches to Indian lands? Do they share any similarities? What were the outcomes of each strategy? Both the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaws and the Treaty Strategy used with the Cherokees continued and carried to conclusion the Europeans’ earlier deceitful and brutal strategies in dealing with American Indians. Weinberg (2003) reports that the communal society of the Indians was converted by the white settlers into a ‘plunder’ society: Many of the Indians lived as a community. They depended on hunting for buffalos. They planted corn, which served as their staple food. The Indians were an intelligent and civilized people. They had a civilization, even if this did not conform to and imitated what the white settlers considered as civilization – which, to their mind, means their civilization. Wars were waged against the Indians to get their land and subdue their labor. European fur traders even used whiskey to greatly weaken the sense of discretion of Indians in matters pertaining to trade. To get their lands, repression through legal means, as well as death squads, was used against them (Weinberg 2003). Historically, both the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaws and the Treaty Strategy used with the Cherokees were implemented under the â€Å"Indian Removal Act†. This act was campaigned for by US President Andrew Jackson in both houses of Congress. This piece of legislation gave the president the free hand to discuss the removal treaties with Indian tribes occupying the eastern part of the Mississippi river. Under these treaties, the Indians were to surrender their lands in exchange for lands in the west of the Mississippi river. Those wishing to remain in the east, the act claims, would be considered as citizens of their home states. The process was supposed to be voluntary and peaceful. When the southeastern nations resisted, however, US President Jackson used force to make the Indian nations leave their lands. He was initially trusted by the Indians but was later exposed and condemned as a traitor to their cause (â€Å"Indian Removal†, n. d. ) Some points on the Land-Allotment Strategy used with the Choctaws: ? The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty. ? The Treaty of the Dancing Rabbit Creak promised to give individual families the liberty to stay and live amidst white people by giving them a land grant. ? Those who stayed were given some protection by the War Department, though it proved no match to the white population which squatted in Chotaws territory and those who cheated Choctaws of their land. ? President Andrew Jackson initially promised to protect those who stayed, only to say later that he cannot guard the boundaries he set. ? Those who stayed ran out of money and had to borrow from white land-owning families. As a result, they got into debt, had to sell their lands, and moved west. ? This is the reason why whites think that they are not to blame and are without fault in relation to the poverty and eventual exodus of the Indians. They make it appear that it is the Indians who are responsible for their decision later on to go to a different land. ? The migration of the Choctaws occurred during the winter, causing many to get sick and die (Wright and Fernandez, 1999). Some points on the Treaty Strategy used with the Cherokees: ? The legislature of Georgia orders Cherokee lands to be absorbed by the federal government. ? They were tricked into signing an illegitimate treaty. This treaty promised individual Cherokees a payment of $3. 2 million in exchange for their lands. (SHSU, n. d. ) ? In 1833, a small faction agreed to sign the Treaty of New Echota, a removal treaty. The leaders of this group were not the recognized leaders of the tribe. ? More than 15,000 Cherokees signed a petition in protest to the Treaty of New Echota. The Supreme Court, however, ignored the protests and ratified the treaty. ? The Cherokees were given two years to voluntarily migrate. If they fail to migrate after two years, the ruling says, force will be used to remove them. By 1838, however, only 2,000 members of the tribe have transferred, and 16,000 members remained in the land. ? The US government sent in 7,000 white troops. The Cherokees were not allowed to pack up their belongings, and the white troops looted their homes. ? This resulted in the march known as the Trail of Tears, which in reality is an exodus from the violence inflicted by the white settlers. The Trail of Tears lasted until winter, killing more than 4,000 Cherokees on their way to another land. (â€Å"Indian Removal†, n. d. ). The similarities between the two approaches are more striking than the differences. Both approaches merely continued and carried to conclusion the Europeans’ earlier deceitful and brutal treatment of the Indians. Both are premised on the drive to remove Indians from their lands. Both started off by dividing the particular Indian populations. Both inflicted suffering on the section of the Indian population that stayed in their lands. Both ended up with whites owning Indian land, and with Indians getting sick and dying on their way to a different land. Both used laws and treaties that pretended to work for the Indians, but in reality facilitated the transfer of their lands to the white settlers. These laws and treaties also made it appear that Indians had genuine choices at that time and that they are solely responsible for their actions. The approaches not only exemplify ‘divide-and-rule’ tactics used by European colonizers against peoples they colonize. The approaches also demonstrate the brutality with which colonial conquest was carried out by Europeans against peoples they perceive as ‘others’. The differences between the two approaches hinge on one significant factor: The resistance of the Cherokees. Because the Cherokees resisted, they were treated as a group, not as individual families as in the case of the Choctaws. This is the context of the attempt to buy off individual families for such a preposterously huge sum. Because they resisted, their occupancy of their land was extended, unlike that of the Choctaws. Because they resisted, they were met with a force more violent than that encountered by the Choctaws. 3. Possession of land is a recurring theme throughout the nineteenth century. Discuss how the differing relationships to the land typically experienced by European immigrants and their descendents, Native Americans, African slaves, post-bellum African Americans, and Mexicans contributed to the relative successes of these different ethnic groups. The possession of land is widespread in the 19th century. European immigrants did not come to America to occupy vacant land but to a territory inhabited by different ethnic groups (Zinn, 1980). The American ruling elite as well as the upperclass Europeans emerged many times richer after grabbing land from other peoples. The white who had the resources to carry out land grabbing deprived people of their land. The descendants of European immigrants, hereafter, inherited the land that was stolen from others. The countless peoples (number reaching millions) coming from ethnic groups had this in common: they did not have ownership of the land that they had occupied and developed for hundreds of years. How it was taken from them also has this central theme- war. It was by force that their land was taken from them. Behind this coercive measure is the drive for private property. European occupation, therefore, involved stories of massacre, deception and brutality (Zinn, 1980). In sum, the differing relationship to the land by European immigrants and their descendents and Native Americans, African slaves, post-bellum African Americans and Mexicans was that of ownership of land. The ethnic groups were either driven out of their land, or were made to stay and develop the land but were not allowed to partake in its bountiful resources. The result of this differing relationship is that the rich became richer and the poor became poorer. What would emerge different from these ethnic groups, on the other hand, is how they fought the war for land. The internal and external conditions of their struggles result to their varying success in social status. Relative to each ethnic group the difference is minimal. Relative to European immigrants, the gap is wide. However, in the event of monopoly capitalism, different ethnic groups would all experience exploitation of greater scope and magnitude than any point in history. The Case of Indians In the 19th century, the movement of whites pressured national government to conduct aggressive activity to Indians to drive them out of their land. The removal of Indians opened the vast lands of America to agriculture then to market, then to money, and then to the development of modern capitalist economy -which is essentially an economy characterized with the surplus of good and the phenomenon of superprofit. The places involved in the violent dispossession of land were Louisiana (purchased from France), North Carolina, Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, Missisipi and Florida (Zinn, 1980). The Case of Mexicans US government troops were ordered to occupy the territory inhabited by Mexicans. The latter were murdered in their own soil. Some of the soldiers including commanding officers were reluctant but few showed opposition in executing orders. Although racism was widespread among Americans, the killings did not receive popular support. The places involved in the violent dispossession of land were California, Texas, New Mexico and Louisiana. Mexico surrendered to US and was later paid $15 million. US propaganda later professed that fortunately they have taken nothing by conquest (Zinn, 1980) The Case of African American In 19th century, slavery of blacks was abolished in principle. In practice, however, they remained subjected to the oppressive conditions in plantation systems. They were still whipped and punished as forms of discipline in work. The places involved in the oppression of blacks based on land were New Orleans, South Carolina, Virgina, among others. The event of large-scale production in plantation brought about many uprisings of black people. Some ran away individually to escape their white master’s exploitation. But, it was through collective resistance and armed insurrection that black people received vast support that even electoral candidates including President Lincoln had to make a pretense of giving black and white equal access to land and all the wealth and rights that go with it (Zinn, 1980). Conclusion There is no doubt that the need for land is real and practical. But in a society ruled by competition and insatiable drive for more wealth, this human need was transformed to the murder of millions of people who are mostly colored. The ruling class in America during the 19th century argued that this conquest is justifiable because the white man is far superior to any other race. But history proves they were only superior militarily (Zinn, 1980). And they used this instrument of force to oppress other peoples. The history of white man supremacy is still propagated to this very day by the most powerful men in modern capitalists. The US government and its propaganda network in media and academe argue that taking land from other people, despite its bloodshed, can be justified with the emergence of a more progressive US. The ethnic groups, on the other hand, are more refined culturally and richer economically. This claim, of course, is but a distortion of history. If there is any real progress among these ethnic groups, it is the result of their struggle against their oppressors. Futhermore, it is not the American people as a whole that benefited from the systematic land grabbing from ethnic groups by the government. Ordinary Americans had to work hard for what they have; it was not given to them by the government. They were even sent to wars for the sake of the rich. In sum, the relative success of different ethnic groups was brought about by their struggle for land and all the wealth that comes with it. There was never a â€Å"United States or a community of people with common interest if we mean a â€Å"national interest† represented by the government, the development of capitalism or the dominant culture (Zinn, 1980). The differing relationships to the land experienced by European immigrants and their descendents, compared to the native Americans, African slaves, post-bellum African Americans, and Mexicans result to the formation of different people bounded with similar interests and common struggles, and contribute to the formation of movements which, as a whole, create a battling arena against modern capitalism. REFERENCES Halford, Joan Montgomery. (1999) â€Å"A Different Mirror: A Conversation with Ronald Takaki† Understanding Race, Class and Culture. Vol. 56, No. 7. April. http://www. ascd. org/ed_topics/el199904_halford. html â€Å"Indian removal†. n. d. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 21 Aug. 2006 from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959. html Said, Edward W. (1979) Orientalism. New York: Pantheon. Takaki, Ronald. (1992) The Tempest in the Wilderness: The Racialization of Savagery. The Journal of American History, vol. 79, no. 3, December, 892-912. Weinberg, Meyer. (2003) A Short History of American Capitalism. USA: New History Press. Retrieved August 16, 2006, from http://newhistory. org Zinn, Howard. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. USA: Harper & Row Publishers. Wright, Dawin and Dr. Ramona Fernandez. Sept. 16, 1999. ATL 125-13 American Ethnic and Racial Experience. Retrieved 21 Aug 2006 from http://www. msu. edu/user/wright96/essay2b. htm

It 236 Navigation Checkpoint

Check Point: Navigation University of Phoenix/Axia IT 236 January 11, 2010 Benjamin Reine Well the design of my page really is going to be determined on the amount of time I have to complete the assignment/ webpage. I would like it to function like a lot of the website which I go to. I will try to explain the things they do right and the things which are annoying but are set the way they are for security reasons. The first website I will describe is the PayPal website. I visit this website a lot (I have been doing a lot of shopping on eBay lately) and have come to love how easy it is to navigate their website.They also seem to have a lot of security built into their website. For instance if a user sits around on one page for too long it will automatically sign them out and they will have to sign back in. I think this is a great security feature, although it can be a little annoying to have to sign back in. This feature is only useful for banks and websites that deal with sensitive in formation but I feel my website should not feature that but still have some sort of security feature in it. At the current moment I do not know what security features to use with my web page final.Another website I visit a lot and have many features I want to include in my assignment is tiger direct and Newegg. The way the website is setup is awesome and easy to use. Everything is so organized (which is how I want my website to be). They have some flash animations playing showing deals and contests and also have gifs. I included a picture of Newegg’s layout (that is the main page when you first enter the website) and as you see at the top of the website are the categories of everything on the website.As you go over each you section on the top the open to reveal items for that specific section such as computer parts having towers, DVD drives, hard drives, etc. Electronics would have consoles, televisions, mp3 players, etc. This is how I would like my website to function but th e way it seems it may not come to be (I do not know how to create a java menu like that) due to time restrictions and self doubt. Maybe I will get over it and try it but maybe not (time constrictions are the getting the best of me). Another feature I would like to include in my webpage’s is the contact me section at the bottom of a lot of websites.This is important because this would be how users and patrons get in contact with you if problems persist or they want to give suggestions on how to make the website much better. It would include an email or two and maybe a telephone number to get in contact with. Another feature that I saw that really interested me was the way that tiger direct and Newegg’s websites both try to incorporate thee users into contests so they may come back to the website to purchase more items (it is kind of like a advertisement per say) and garner more revenue.This would be a great feature to add to a lot of websites (many of which need this ki nd of thing but never incorporate it). I would add such a thing but since the website is an assignment I will not add it. The last thing that catches my attention on these two websites is the way they use their fonts and wording. I like the way they are setup and how they flow with the page and are not all over the place. I think the website users times new roman as its main font but I may be wrong.I will be using times new roman and probably comic sans for my final. I think it would fit with the type of website that I am trying to do here. I just need to figure out how to incorporate webpage’s to pop up when they are chosen (like going and clicking on forum and it should take you to forum; I do not know how to do that yet). Hopefully by the time week 9 is around to me I can figure it out if not I will instant message my teacher in order to receive some help.

U.S. National Debt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S. National Debt - Research Paper Example Federal governments borrow through issuing government bonds,securities and bills.In other nations government can borrow direct from organizations such as World Bank or other international institutions (Michael S.Weisbach). Only public debt is indicated as a liability on theUS federal government’s consolidated financial statements(Thornton). Debt held by federal government accounts is treated as an asset to those accounts however it is treatedas a liability to Treasuryaccount; the valuecounsel out each other in the consolidated financial statements.Federal governmentexpenditures and receipts are presented on a cashnotaccruals basis. However, the accrual method may provide useful data on long term effects of the governments annual operations. The US national debt is expressed as public debt ratio to GDP(gross domestic product). The debt ratio to GDP may decrease due of gross domestic product, government surplus or inflation (Alycia Chin). Deficitis thedifference between receipts and outlays for each year.US government generates revenue from excise, income, social insurance taxes and fees.The income generated is spent on service provision, social security, and research and debt payment. Deficit arises when spending exceeds income level. In such a case the government must borrow in order to pay its bills. Publicdebts differ from deficit in that public debt is the accumulated deficit plus off budget surpluses. Items included while calculating deficits are considered as either off-budget or on-budget.Governments borrow money needed maintain government operations. It borrows money by selling securities such as bonds, treasury bills, notes and savings bonds to the public. Treasury securities sold to the public and Intragovernmental Holdings amounts to total debt. Historically, US national debt has increased during recessions and wars, and declined subsequently. The debt ratio to GDP may decrease due of gross domestic product, government surplus orinflation.

FBI Whistleblower Colleen Rowley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FBI Whistleblower Colleen Rowley - Essay Example In the hours after the Sept. 11attack, the FBI agents shared a joke. For days, they had made attempts to create interest in the FBI in Washington, to look into Zacharias Moussaoui, who was the 20th hijacker. They had made attempts to ask the FBI to give them the permission to search Moussaoui’s computer; they were denied. Amidst their frustration, they made the joke that the headquarters back in Washington had been working with Osama Bin Laden, as otherwise there would have been no reason for them to turn them down. This was a disturbing story that was told in a 13-page letter that was written to the director of the FBI Robert Mueller, by Colleen Rowley. The letter is documentation of the effort put by Rowley as well as the Minneapolis Chief Division Counsel, to develop an interest in Moussaoui. Coleen Rowley commenced her career with the FBI in Mississippi and later made relocation to the city of New York in the year 1984. After the 9/11 attacks, Rowley explained to the direc tor of the FBI, how the personnel had not responded to the information that had been providing on Zacharias Moussaoui. In the months that followed, Muller made the acknowledgment that the attack could have been prevented if the FBI had responded the tips that they had been given.

Company offering digital audio book services to the King Abdul Aziz Coursework

Company offering digital audio book services to the King Abdul Aziz University in Saudi Arabia - Coursework Example The researcher demonstrates the company that will be offering digital audio book services to the King Abdul Aziz University in Saudi Arabia. University operates under the control of government and is one of the leading universities in the region. University has a large library and is willing to digitalize the books in order to reduce the costs as well as the storage capacity. Our firm will therefore offer the services of digitalizing the books and will deliver the same through a website based services to students of the university. This company will be a joint venture between our company and the University of King Abdul Aziz in Saudi Arabia. Company will operate as a joint venture with the university in order to develop audio-book services for the students of the university. The overall aim of the firm is to persuade the universities to build a long term relationship with our firms so that the cost effective services can be offered to them. Further, firm also intends to develop a bra nd image which can persuade students to purchase our low cost books in place of traditional paper based books for study purposes. We are a new firm with the very limited resources and will be operating as a partnership firm. The firm will be engaged into the business of developing digital products for the educational institutions in order to help them to lower the costs for their students. There will be three partners involved in the overall ownership and organization of the firm. Each partner will be contributing capital as well as the manpower to the organization in order to help the firm to grow and expand.... Thus the aim of this firm is to lower the cost of study through effective e-commerce solutions.( Epstein, 2004) It is also important to note that our mission statement is focused upon developing technologies which can help to transform conventional paper based books to audio ebooks to make learning easy for the students. The digitalization of the books therefore will allow the students to easily get as many copies of the books as they want and can use them in a relatively easier and different manner. Organizational Structure There will be four departments within the firm with one CEO controlling the overall affairs of the organization. Following departments will be directly reporting to CEO: 1. Production 2. Finance 3. Innovations 4. Legal department There will also be a market manager who will also be directly reporting to the CEO of the firm. Overall the structure will be centralized with CEO controlling most of the affairs of the firm. King Abdul Aziz University King Abdul Aziz Un iversity is one of the leading universities in Saudi Arabia and has flourished over the period of time. Founded in 1967 under the private ownership, university was overtaken by Government of Saudi Arabia. University now operates under the control of Ministry of Higher education of Saudi Arabia and gets it funding from government to finance its activities.1 One of the key requirements for the university is to have a well-established library to allow its students to have an access to the latest books and other material for study and research purposes. Over the period of time, universities from developed countries have made the efforts to digitalize their books in order to increase their portability as well as availability. Delivered through internet, these audio e-books allow students

Diagnostic Report and Content Reading Inventory Research Paper

Diagnostic Report and Content Reading Inventory - Research Paper Example They will be told, not every answer is right there on the page, they will have to read between the lines, make inference, and conclusion, and sometimes they will have to use prior knowledge. Students will be informed that this is not a test but an evaluation of their reading ability, to help teacher plan appropriate instructions for them. Both student did well answering the literal question, the 7th grader could have given more detail. The 12th grader was better at inferential than the 7th grader, the 7th grader was not able to use clues well. Their limited vocabulary caused them to do poorly on applied reading. Both students need to develop their context clue skills (inferential), even though these are not every day words and a little obsolete, students could have done better if their context clue skills were developed. Discovering students reading disability in middle and high schools is an awesome task for teachers. Therefore, teachers in the elementary grades need to pay more attention to their students’ reading ability; and as soon as possible , apply reading in the content area. Steve Peha writes about reading in the content area: What begins as a relatively small problem in elementary school looms larger and larger as kids move on to middle and high school. The difficulty of the reading increases as does the volume. And so do the tasks we ask kids to perform based on what they have read. At 11th or 12th grade, school gets very, very hard for students who dont read well in content area subjects. Its hard, too, for the teachers who try to teach

Economic Statistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Statistics - Research Paper Example The existence of autocorrelation in our estimation is determined using the Durbin Watson test and the Breusch Godfrey test to check for first order correlation. Autocorrelation however has its own remedies and one of the remedies involves time lagging variables also known as general least square method, this method involves replacement of the model with the serially correlated error term with a model with a serially independent error term. Estimation of the model one LGDPt = 1 + 2LXt + 3LFDIt + 4LDIt+5INF involves the use of the data for the period 1970 to 2002 regarding the UK economy, estimation of the above model using Eviews had the following results: From the results of the correlation of determination R squared which is equal to 0.99229 we can conclude that 99.22% of variations in LGDP are explained by the independent variables, this shows a very strong relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. From the results if we hold all other factors constant and the level of LX, LFDI, LDI and INF are equal to zero then the level of LGDP will be equal to 11.158 which is also our autonomous value, we can explain the coefficient of the log of exports by stating that if we hold all other factors constant and increase the level of LX by one unit then the level of LGDP will increase by 0.366704 units, also if we hold all other factors constant and increase the level of LFDI by one unit then the level of LGDP will decrease by 0.006544 units. If we also hold all the other factors constant and increase the level of LDI by one unit then the level of LGDP will increase by 0.265253 units, finally if we hold all factors constant and increase the level of INF by one unit then the level of LGDP will decline by 0.00131. Having explained the coefficients of the estimated model we can conclude that if we increase the level of exports and domestic investment then the level of gross domestic product will increase, on the other hand an increase in the level of inflation and foreign direct investment will reduce the level of gross domestic production. Statistical significance: Our estimated coefficients may be statistically significant of statistically insignificant, for this reason there is a need to undertake hypothesis test to determine their significance in the model, a two tail T test at 95% level of test showed the following results: 95% TEST LEVEL VARIABLE coefficient null hypothesis alternative hypothesis T calculated T critical reject or accept null C B1 B1=0 B10 14.3179 2.04841 REJECT INF B2 B2=0 B20 -1.459259 2.04841 ACCEPT LDI B3 B3=0 B30 5.183639 2.04841 REJECT LFDI B4 B4=0 B40 -1.010641 2.04841 ACCEPT LX B5 B5=0 B50 13.04894 2.04841 REJECT From the above test of hypothesis it is clear

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Statistics - Essay Example Z-Revenue is higher for Citicorp 3.69 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Z-profit is highest for Chase Manhattan Bank 3.23 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Summarize all these results; it can be said that only four banks has higher Revenue and Profit that BankTen: The BankTen does not has significantly higher profit per employee $0.041K than industry average $ 0.037K. Profit per employee with two standard deviation above the mean is $0.06. Profit per employee with two standard deviation below mean is $0.02. J.P.MORGAN & CO., BANK OF NEW YORK CO., BARNETT BANKS, REPUBLIC NEW YORK CORP. has profit per employee more than two standard deviation beyond the mean. J.P. Morgan & Co., Bank of New York Co and Republic New York Co. are the top three firms with respect to profit per employee and Barnett Banks is the bank with the lowest profit per employee. Although BankTen is not one of the top performers, it has an average performance (with 72.7 percentile on the profit per employee) on Revenue and Profits except number of employees, where it needs to improve its performance either by generating more revenue and profits with same number of employees or reduce the workforce for improving its profit per

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Health Administarion - Essay Example Medical errors can be grouped in to diagnostic errors that include poor medical tests, treatment errors that include inappropriate care, medications and process errors that include poor communication, wrong patient identification, documentation and equipment failures. Medical error is associated with poor training, urgent care, new procedures and complex care. Complicated medical technologies, poor communication and fragmented systems can also lead to medical error. Some human factors that lead to medical errors include burnout, depression, and fatigue and time pressures (Kalra, 2011). The initial step in responding to medical error is to address the current medical needs of the patient. The physician should immediately address the adverse unanticipated medical outcome by assessing extends of harm and the required medical procedures to reduce the harm (Kalra, 2011). The second step entails communication of the adverse outcome with the patient or any representatives of the patient like the close relatives. These entail providing information on the causes of the medical error and extend of harm to the patient (Kalra, 2011). The third step is reporting to the appropriate parties and authorities in the health facility and regulatory agencies. Each health facility should have guidelines on internal reporting of the medical error and steps in reducing further adverse medical outcomes (Kalra, 2011). The fourth step is checking the medical records of the patient. Such medical documentation should be accurate and complete. This includes the patient medical condition prior to the medical error, the interventions undertaken to reduce the harm and patient response. The physician should also note the information communicated to the patient after the medical error (Kalra, 2011). The fifth step entails follow ups and monitoring the changes in

Marketing Communication strategy of Cirque du Soleil Case Study

Marketing Communication strategy of Cirque du Soleil - Case Study Example In this paper I will examine the marketing communication of Zumanity, a show produced by the renowned Cirque du Soleil. I will review the effectiveness of the strategy employed with regards to the Awareness, Interest, Desire, Action model as advocated by E. St Elmo Lewis circa 1900. The Cirque du Soleil was born in Quebec, Canada in 1984 during the 450th anniversary of Jacques Cartier's arrival in Canada, founded by Guy Laliberte. It is a spectacular theatrical delight, a combination of arts of the circus and street entertainment. The shows features original music, flamboyant costumes, dramatic lighting and visual effects. However, in comparison to the traditional circus it differs significantly in that it is an all human show with absolutely no animal involvement. (www.circusnet.info) From its beginnings in 1984 - 2003 the Cirque du Soleil grew rapidly and extensively, transforming from one show travelling circus to an international multi show production company. Significant elements including strategic European alliance with the Swiss Circus Knie, resident shows in Disney World Florida (La Nouba) and in Vegas (O), alliances with MGM-Mirage and Imax and both film and television productions. Cirque du Soleil productions target all genres, however, there is a gr eat emphasis on family audiences. (www.cirquedusoleil.com) 2003 marked Cirque du Soleil's 15th show. ... The creative thinking behind Zumanity had been in the piping since 2001, in collaboration with MGM-Mirage. Designed to be extraordinary, just as the circus had been reinvented 20 yrs previous, Zumanity was designed to reinvent the adult entertainment market in Vegas. Zumanity: billed as; "An edgy and provocative discovery of sensuality and eroticism" (Canadian Congress of Advertising; 2004). Zumanity is the first production to show an alternative side to Cirque du Soleil and its communication strategy needed to be exact in order to achieve success with a carefully selected and targeted market. Key issues the company had to overcome are noted by Canadian Congress of Advertising (2004): image risk, social tolerance to sexuality and competition; Zumanity was not what the traditional Cirque customer would expect, it was to be more dance orientated, smaller, sensual and erotic. Care would be of the essence to ensure the original brand would not be compromised. Zumanity is not simply another erotic show and the communication strategy needed to portray the message that it is; "resolutely sexy and astounding, while meeting Cirque's high creative standards." Legalities and social considerations had to be accounted for. The direction thus for materials to "show eroticism without really showing it." Marketing needed to be savvy. The media budget was $3.2 Mill in comparison to the major competitor at the time, Celine Dion who was launching her new show, with a $10 Mill media budget. PEST analysis had to be carried out and important features such as the financial slump and impending Iraq war taken into consideration. Awareness, imagery and materials needed to be created and tickets sold before the show actually existed. The Canadian

A Love Story in Boracay Essay Example for Free

A Love Story in Boracay Essay Philippines is a nation located at South-East of Asia, just east of Vietnam. It is surrounded by three different seas, namely, the Celebes Sea, the South China Sea, and the Philippine Sea. Comprising of 7, 107 islands, this country has a total area of 300, 000 sq km. Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao are the three islands that form the main island groups of the Philippines. There are numerous tourist attractions in the Philippines. One of them is the famous Boracay Island. This island has white, sandy beaches and luxurious resorts.   One day, I spent a lazy twilight just wading through the calm waters. The sea was very much alive yet it the air seemed romantic. I was pondering on important things when I saw a couple fighting. The woman was close to tears and the man was regretful. Something he said must have hurt the poor woman’s heart. The woman walked away, leaving the man confused and unsure of what to do.I thought, â€Å"Maybe love isn’t enough to keep relationships last.† I for one did not really believe in love. But I decided to approach the guy and offer a helping hand anyway. I asked him if he’s okay. He said, â€Å"I don’t know. It’s just that she’s too vulnerable. I don’t know how to handle her.† The man got something from his pocket. It was a little heart-shaped case that no doubt contained a ring. â€Å"I was supposed to ask her to marry me but she burst out crying even before I popped the question. I have no idea what’s wrong with her. Could it be that she loves someone else?†, he said. I shook my head. â€Å"No, she loves you. I saw the way she looked at you. It was a look of love but it had a hint of pain. Maybe you did something to cause that pain. You know, women are really sensitive.† â€Å"So what do you reckon I should do?† He looked at me with hopeful eyes. This man really loves her woman so I thought hard on helping them. We were sitting with our backs on a tree when something came up my mind.mâ€Å"I know!† I exclaimed. â€Å"You should treat like she’s the most beautiful girl in the planet.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"How?† The next day, he asked the woman for a date at a grandiose restaurant in Boracay. When the woman arrived at the place, she was lead into the balcony at the second floor. She couldn’t be more surprised to find that the whole place was closed or reserved just for the two of them. While they were eating, the favorite band of the lady was hired to provide music for that very special night. After eating, they open a bottle of Champagne and as soon as the guy had poured the Champagne into the wine glass, the woman noticed a diamond ring floating happily. She blushed and giggled. She was about to ask for an explanation from the guy when fireworks began to color the night sky. The scene was oh so breathtaking. When the fireworks display was almost over, up in the sky, written were the words: â€Å"I love you. Please marry me.† The two of them were married three months after that and I was really happy to have helped save their once-drowning relationship. Even now, when I think about Boracay, I remember those two persons who were madly in love with each other despite their differences. And, most importantly, I now believe in love. It was not the help that I gave that propelled their relationship into the right direction. It was their love that conquered everything; I just gave it a little push. Works Cited http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Philippines/Where+to+Go. 2007. Online. May 23, 2007.

Leadership Must Be Empowerment To Empower Its Teams Management Essay

Leadership Must Be Empowerment To Empower Its Teams Management Essay Goleman (1998) argued that during the last decade interpersonal skills have focused on effective leadership. Where the leaders controlled, planned and inspected the organizations operation, in recent more service oriented industries, leaderships responsibilities include motivate employees, promote positive attitudes in workplace, and make a sense of participation among employees (Hogan et al., 1994). Most researchers analyze leadership effectiveness regarding to the result of the leaders performance for employees and companys stakeholders, but the consequence variables of each researchers have been different from the others. The principals of these variables are depend on how immediate they are and whether they have subjective or objective measures. These consequences which are negatively correlated, are very difficult because of the complex trade-offs among them. In order to analyze the effectiveness of leadership many criteria should be taken in to the account to handle these complexities and variation between stakeholders preferences (Yuki, 1998). Researchers have stressed that the relationship between managers and employees has an important role in effective leadership. Qualified relationship and open interaction motivate and empower employees (Boyd and Taylor, 1998; Brower, Schoorman, and Tan, 2000). Drinks (1995) and Nonaka (1988) believed that the type of leaders interaction may lead them to take advantage from their difference and learn from each other. Ensley et al. (2003) argued that conventional view of a single leadership is based on the concept that leadership is a specialized role that cannot be shared with group. This perspective is stood for more hierarchical leadership in which the leaders supervise and control all activities. In the other hand, in shared leadership all members of the team are empowered to share the tasks and responsibilities of leadership. Yuki (1998, p.3) who view leadership as shared process cited that important decisions about what to do and how to do it are made through the use of an interac tive process that involves many different people who influence each other, not by a single person. Managers have different relationships with their employees and as Boyd and Taylor (1998) argued the quality of these relations may have influence on their success. When they improve the quality of their relationship, employees can be more productive on their task and more encouraged to contribute in organizational activities. Argyris and Schon (1978, 1996) have claimed that supportive interaction is the basis of effective leadership. Such interaction can be a strong motivation for organizational learning (Drinks, 1995; Nonakd, 1998). Bandura (1974) emphasized that successful leaders have capacity to motivate, encourage and empower their employees. Empowerment improves employees task innovation and continuation. Empowered employees make more contributions, they accept more difficult situations, and perform more confidently. They make more effort on their given task. According to Hofstede (2001) in organizations, such as any other social units, it may be found some inequality of employees capacities and powers, or unequal distribution of power over the employees. Cotta (1976) believes that power inequality is necessary in organization, and Hofstede (2001) claimed that the distribution of power in most organizations is formed in hierarchies, and the foundation of these hierarchies is the relationship between the managers and employees. Power distance is a measure of the interpersonal power or influence (P.83) between managers and employees. The acceptance and supporting of power distance by social environment is strongly related to the national culture. The culture determines the level of correlation among managers and employees. He expressed that the effect of employees participation on the outcome variables of organizational contribution, job satisfaction and efficacy was altered by particular level of power distance. Employee empowerment or participative decision making is not a simple or new concept of management. More than 50 years of research has approved that employee contribution is a complex management tool, that if apply properly, it can improve the performance, productivity and job satisfaction (Nykodym, Simonetti, Nielsen and Welling, 1994). Cohen, Chang and Ledford (1997) argued that employee must be engaged if they comprehend the necessity of creativity and if they are interested in changing their behaviors in work in improved way. He believes that the most significant concept of organizational effectiveness and positive employee perceptions is the employees involvement. One type of employees involvement in workplace is their participation in decision making (PDM). Nykodym, Simonetti and Welling (1994) have presented four areas for employees participation. The first area is goal setting. Employees can participate in setting up a goal for their task, planning a job and the appropriate time for job execution. In the second area employees can contribute in making choice between alternative series of tasks such as: working hours, placement of supplies or options among alternatives to perform an ordinary task. Next, employees can participate in problems solving that include clarifying the subject and determining the alternative series of activities. Finally, participation may include organizational changes, such as setting company policies that may involve hiring, layoffs, profit sharing or investments. Companies can take part in any or all of these areas in any time. The first three methods of participation can be used for all areas of contribution. Employees can participate individually to make decision and determine their own target, or they may get together with a manager to make decision making team. All employees may take part in decision making group with their coworkers or managers. This participation may be formal as in quality circle or informal as a group of employees declaring their opinions to gain the general agreement. Employees contribution in decision making can be directly or indirectly through a representative elected to express the groups ideas. There are some conditions that influence the success of participative leadership, and if these conditions do not manage properly, the efforts for participative management will fail. One of the most important set of these conditions is include the values, attitudes and expectations of an organizations employees. If employees do not want to take part in decision making, any attempt to force them would fail. For successful participation an organization must have a corporate culture that express the participative leadership. Another condition is the design of current task that must be done. If the workers task depends on each other to be complete, it can encourage the independent individual participation. If employees do not trust their managers, the participation in group decision making of employees and managers may not be successful. The last set of conditions is related to the environment. According to the rapidly changing technology, governmental laws, and strong competition, employ ees participation in decision making cannot be effective unless the members have the essential technical skills. These groups must also be capable to work with each other effectively in order to make a proper decision (Nykodym, Simonetti, Nielsen and Welling, 1994). Yuki (1998) believes that shared leadership is expected to occur self-managed teams, because of the employees are independent in developing group processes. In self-managed teams employees have more authority and responsibility to make decisions which related to their tasks (Katzenbach Smith, 1993; S.G Cohen, 1991). Self-managed teams are able to make decisions, determine goals, assign work, set schedule, and so on (Yuki, 1998). However the necessity of leadership in not questioning as the team is self-managed. Barry (1991) stressed that the role of leadership in self-managed teams is more important than traditional teams. He declared that in addition to needing task-based leadership such as project definition, scheduling, and resource gathering; self-managed teams require leadership around group development processes (developing cohesiveness, establishing effective communication patterns, and so forth) (p.32). Braford (1976) suggested that the teams members with shared leadership a re more satisfied with their teams, and Katzenbach and Smith (1993) claimed that teams involved in shared leadership are more effective and productive in regard to performance. In addition Perry, Pearce and Sims (1999) argued that shared leadership improves the interpretation of teams requirements. Recently many researchers have become interested in the concept of self-managed group (Stewart and Manz,1995; Cohen and Ledford, 1994; Mohrman et al., 1995; Manz, 1986, 1992; Manz and Sims, 1980,1990). According to the idea of socio-technical systems developed by Emery and Trist (1969), during the recent years, the self-managed work groups are used as a form of work system, specifically as pressures of high educated workforce for more responsibility and empowerment through group based shared management are exerted on organizations (Pearce and Manz, 2005). Also, there is another pressure that applied for organization to become more responsive to the recent competitive environment and global economy (Wriston, 1991; Druskat and Wheeler, 2003). Self-managed teams are independent to make important decision that related to their team processes (Katzenbach Smith, 1993; S.G. Cohen, 1991; Yuki, 1998). Murry et al. (2002) emphasized that leadership is a key in team process, without leadership team members may not be able to identify with team goals. Self-managed teams as Barry (1991) argued need more leadership than traditional teams in both task-related and team development problems. There are some attributes for self-managed work teams. Under the Wall and Clegg (1986) presentation, self-managed team build of a small group of individuals who are responsible for making the unit of task, executing a variety of works and using various skills that the group possesses. Job feedback is important for work team so the difference from goal achievement can be supervised by group member in specified task area boundary. Several case studies proved the advantages of the implementation of self-managed work teams such as increased employee satisfaction, heightened socialization in the work place, increased autonomy, opportunity to learn new skills, and some other benefits include reduced absenteeism and increased performance and motivation (Cohen and Ledford, 1994; Wall and Clegg, 1986; Pearce and Ravlin, 1987). However some researchers believes that self-managed work teams have some disadvantages in actual work (Versepey, 1990; Mohrman et al., 1995). Some case study in the USA has demonstrated that one of the most important factors in self-managed work teams failure is the reluctance of the manager to transfer the power and control to the team member (Hackman, 1989; Manz and Sims, 1987). So the role of leadership in self-managed work teams is critical. Elloy (n.d.) argued that the leadership in self-managed work team has an important role that has received little attention during past years for they often they supposed that role of external leader is redundant. There are few researches on external leader and its influence on groups operations. The fundamental opinion of self-managed work teams declares that the group members have control over their work environment and responsibility for all their duties in the team. However, research by Manz and Sims (1984, 1986, 1987, and 1990) revealed that leadership exit from traditional form of supervision and control to highly facilitative form of management, less direct but necessary for the productivity and effectiveness of the group. Many authors cited Kanter (1979) as the source of knowledge about the efficacy of employee empowerment. Kanter (1979) believes that shared management and empowered employee can increase the organizational power. The power of the leader in such situation not only reduces but also may enhance especially if the organization performs better. He also mentioned that employees, who are equipped with tools, information, and support, can make better decision. Bowen and Lawler (1995) declared that empowerment lead to more satisfied customers and employees. They also provided additional evidence, considerable research unpracticed such as gain sharing, communication programs, work teams, job enrichment, skill based pay, and so on, has shown the results of these practices are consistence and positive (p.75). Randolph (1995) indicates that employee empowerment can is improved trust in the organization. In such organization employee respond positively and they will set challenging goals which when they achieve those goals they will define the goals at higher level. In the other hand managing participation does not come without potential problems in the case of initiation, structure and management, choice of issue, team work, and evaluation. When organizations begin the participation program, the managements who are at higher level direct employees to contribute in establishing task forces and teams. In addition, managers who are handled to accomplish this activity will be assessed on the success of their teams. Another problem of participation is how the organization declares the program to the employees. Managers sometime present contribution in decision-making as a luxury rather than a result oriented tool. Furthermore, if management explains clearly what they want to obtain from concept of participation, employees can accept it more rapidly. The next problem is concern with employees who are involved in participation practices. If participation depends on volunteers, it is not representative, if it does not; it is compelling (Nykodym, Simone tti, Nielsen and Welling, 1994). Fox (1998) believes the most important problem in empowerment program as that may affect profitability of the organization is managements fear of letting employees make decisions. Even Kanter (1979) who is cited as providing evidence of the effectiveness of empowerment indicates: One might wonder why more organizations do not adopt such empowering strategies. These are standard answers, that giving up control is threatening to people who have fought for every shred of it; that managers fear losing their own place and special privileges in the system, and so on forth. But I would also pot skepticism about employee abilities high on the list. (p.74) In addition, Nykodym et al. (1994) mentioned that some problems in participations are related to the structure and management. An effective empowerment needs an obvious structure. It is essential to establish all basis rules and limitation boundaries from the beginning of the program. In the other word, empowerment program requires an effective leader who can motivate the employee and set constraints. Another problem with structure and management is that managers must engage to arrange activities, support employees and reconsider the consequences. A manager cannot assign the tasks to a team without monitoring them. They must also find and manage the time needed for participation. Middle managers often oppose to employee empowerment as they think that the program will remove their power, which Blanchard and Bowles (1998) called it hazing theory of management. He believes that managers must modify the control over the employees. The reason that initiation programs and hazing are still a part of fraternal companies is that the employees want the chance to act as was acted to them. These changes are performed through training. Managers must understand that they still have a position even the authority being shared with employees. Their new role includes mentoring, coaching, and facilitating. Proper training improves managers skill of coaching and mentoring, because empower employee are often leaded in to self-managing teams need someone to facilitate their discussion until their skills are improved. This facilitating is the role of manager in self-managed team. Many managers need training in order to increase their capacity for facilitating discussions (Fox, 1998 ). Next dilemma that Nykodym, Simonetti, Nielsen and Welling (1994) referred is the issue of choice that is concerned which issue is included in participative decision making. Researchers have demonstrated that employees prefer to take part in problems that are related to their primary job operation, or their quotidian problems. But it is important not to make presumption about what problems are most significant to employees, they should be asked. As the participation has passed its experimental stage, employees may request compensation or recognition for their time and ideas. Employees must feel that they profit from participation in the effectiveness of the company. Bowen and Lawler (1992) note some management objections such as: higher required investment in selection and training, greater labor costs, incompatible service deliveries which are resulted by these changes. Other management objections mentioned by Conger and Kanungo (1988) are empowerment may lead to overconfidence and misjudgment on the followers. Appropriate training may defeat some of these objections, but not all of them. However, Fox (1998) believes that the advantage of employee empowerment exceed the disadvantages. In the other hand, employees are often opposed to empowerment program. Aeppel (1997) argued that one of the objections by Eaton employees is the responsibility of the group for each employee. He believes that when everyone mentoring everyone else it seems that having a hundred bosses. Another employee complaint that declared by Fox (1998), is that they dont want extra task than their ordinary responsibilities. He considers that employee with such objection is not motivated and he/she is not aware of the benefit of his/her task for the organization. Eurotec Company is a subsidiary of the Schott Group which is a large German glass manufacturer. According to the rapid production expansion, the company faced a number of problems, and in order to moderate these issues, the company decided to implement empowerment program. The references revealed the successful use of empowered autonomous work team to remove the problems (Sykes et al., 1997). As argued in the article, the staffs are now motivated to come along with challenges. Employees are trained to increase their technical and communication skills and they feel more involved. In conclusion, although the implementation empowerment is the biggest challenge of any organization in terms of its initiation, structure, and evaluation and so on, it is profitable for team progress, because there are more leaders to mentor teams performance, and employees motivate each other. In such environment employees are more satisfied about their job and as a result the productivity, performance and task innovation will be improved. For achieving these goals, managers have a key role to lead the organizations effectively and motivate employees to participate in decision making.

E Health Is Combined Use Of Electronic Information Technology Essay

E Health Is Combined Use Of Electronic Information Technology Essay Health is a major concern for everyone in this world. The implementation of Information and Communication Technologies in the medical field has modified the present definition of health care. It suggested the solution that can benefit both patient as well as health care professionals. eHealth provides solutions in a wide spectrum and it includes various health care products, systems and services. It includes tools for health professionals as well as for patients and citizens. Various services or systems that are covered under eHealth are; health information networks, electronic health records, telemedicine services, Consumer health informatics, Healthcare Information Systems, Health knowledge management. Patients share their health information with their physician in order to improve their health treatment. Patients Information is stored in Electronic Health Record. It has been observed from a survey conducted in Sweden that 95% of all documentation in primary care is made in electronic healthcare records (1). Almost 55% of the Pharmaceutical prescriptions are issued digitally in Sweden and transmitted directly to the pharmacy store (1). The challenging issue which is associated with the eHealth system is the protection of Medical Records. Since the data is transmitted over the network from one place to another so it is suffering from the major security concern. An electronic medical record (EMR) stores personal data which includes medical test results, prescription, hospitalizations, etc. Privacy in the ehealth system can be classified into two categories; Content oriented privacy and contextual privacy (2). So eHealth system can be termed as a secure system if it can deal with both these aspects of privacy. Content oriented privacy indicates the capability or authority of the health care stakeholders in disclosing the patients personal information to other parties (marketing, insurance) whereas contextual privacy indicates the ability of a malicious entity to guess the disease of a patient correctly by identifying the field/domain of his physician. Background In earlier days physicians used to use paper charts for recording the encounters with the patient. Details about medications, lab tests, X-rays etc the patient has taken, needs to be recorded in the chart for future reference. As the medical care became more and more complex, it became tedious for physicians to maintain a good patient record on these paper charts. They needed new technologies to help them to cope up with the increasing needs. With the advancement in the information and communication technologies, the idea of storing the patient records electronically came in around 1960s, when Dr. Lawrence Weed introduced the concept of Electronic Health Record. Weeds innovation allowed a third party to verify the diagnosis to avoid any errors. In 1972, Regenstreif Institute developed first medical record system which combined both inpatient and outpatient data recording (3). Electronic Health Records (EHR) Systems stores the entire health and medical history of a patient in a computerized, electronic format. The record includes the details about patient demographics, progress notes, medications, past medical history, vital signs, laboratory data, immunizations and radiology reports. Keeping these vast records in this organized manner, makes it more efficient to retrieve and maintain, when compared to the paper charts (4). As the medical care and the information technology became more and more complex, it became necessary to share the patient records among the various medical departments like clinical, nursing, laboratory, radiology, hospital administration etc in order to maintain a proper medical record about the patient. When the health records including sensitive data about the patient were shared electronically among the different departments, privacy and security problems became a major challenge to the EHR systems. The recent studies on security and privacy concerns in EHR systems shows that, there is increasing number of threats resulting from the distributed and decentralized implementations of EHR Systems, and also the use of communication over open and insecure internet. Unauthorized accesses, Denial of service are to name a few. Lack of standardization among these systems made it very difficult for the system administrators to implement a secure system (5). Research Problem The main problem associated with an eHealth system is the privacy, security and confidentiality of Electronic Health data (EHD). EHD stores private and sensitive data of the patient and data of EHD is used by physicians, nursing, laboratory, and pharmacy. The publication of personal sensitive data can seriously compromise the patient privacy. Due to this reason many individual does not go for eHealth treatment since they are afraid of the loss of their Health record including information about their illness or disability. In a survey conducted in Canada, it has been found out that 11-13% of Canadians have held back information from a health provider because they were afraid of the privacy of their data (6). In a survey conducted in America, 77% of the population is concerned about their medical information being used for marketing purposes (7). We are trying to figure out the peoples concern about the privacy of their health care record at Stockholm. We will examine the opinion of pu blic regarding the privacy of their health information and accessing eHealth service. Question The research questions drawn from the above problem set are: To what extent, privacy of health care records affects the individuals decision of accessing eHealth service? Are there certain groups of people for whom the privacy is a major issue while accessing the eHealth service? Goal The purpose of conducting this research is to examine the present scenario of the Health care system in Sweden. Research result will be helpful for patient, health care professionals and health care organizations. How the present scenario related to the privacy and the confidentiality of the Health care data is affecting the decision of accessing the eHealth Service. This survey will help to reveal the importance of Security in this field. Method In this section, we presented the description of the research methodology conducted in this paper, followed by the limitations of the research carried out and the reasons of such limitation. Method Description We are going to select inductive reasoning method for our research work. We will draw generalized conclusions from a finite collection of specific observations. Literature Review previous studies: we will study different literatures in the form of research reports and surveys which is conducted on EHR privacy in different parts of the world and then we will identify the present challenges related to patient privacy in Electronic health. Survey: we will formulate a questionnaire based on the identified privacy challenges and conduct a survey among the public to collect data. The questionnaire will be around 10-15 questions which will mainly focus on the awareness of e-health privacy among patients. The sample size for our survey will be around 100-150. Also we are planning to use the facts and figures available in the Internet as a secondary data source for our research. Suggested below are some of samples Do you think that your doctor should be able to access all your medical record in order to provide the best care? Are you willing to share your personal medical information to help government officials to research on disease outbreaks? Do you think that you should be able to access all of your medical records to verify the correctness of the medical record? How concerned are you about your medical records being used by marketing agencies? Formulating the Guidelines: Analyze the data collected, to derive a statistics on the research questions. We will be using IBMs SPSS tool to analyze the data collected and derive the statistics based on it. This statistics will help to find out how much the people are concerned about the privacy in EHR systems. Revising the guidelines: Based on the statistics, draw a conclusion and suggest ways to improve the privacy of patients sensitive data in e-Health. Report writing: The report will be constructed detailing the privacy challenges in EHR system and will point out the feasible suggestions. Limitations Because of the time constraint, the population that we are targeting for this survey includes only undergraduates, graduates, post graduates and post doctoral students (age group 18-35) in KTH (both Main Campus and Kista Campus). We are conducting this survey on limited range of age group, so the result will not include the opinion of elder citizens.

The Lord of the Rings Essay -- literary Analysis, J.R.R. Tolkien

J.R.R. Tolkien was motivated by different elements in his life to write The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien was an admirable British writer and scholar best known for the author-illustrated children’s book The Hobbit and its adult sequel The Lord of the Rings (O’Neil 1529). The Hobbit is the biggest part of why he wrote The Lord of the Rings, along with every feature of his successful life. In 1930, Tolkien jotted a few enigmatic words about â€Å"a hobbit† on the back of an examination paper he was grading. â€Å"Names always generate a story in my mind,† he observed, and eventually he found out what hobbits were like (Rollyson 4462). The few words Tolkien jotted down led his imagination run wild and his mind hungry for more words. On September 21, 1937, Tolkien’s fantasy and children’s novel, The Hobbit was published (Rollyson 4456). Shortly after this novel was published, Tolkien’s publisher wrote him that his public would want to hear more about the hobbits next year. So in December, he began to construct a new book, The Lord of the Rings (O’Neil 1543). The Hobbit was one of the big things that made Tolkien keep writing, and it took him up to twelve years to write (O’Neil 1544). Everyone, even his friends and family wanted more. His personal life also encouraged him to write The Lord of the Rings, not only that, but just to write in general. His childhood played a significant part in his love and passion for writing. As a little boy, Tolkien has always been fascinated by different themes. The memory of his younger years at Sarehole, the happiest of his boyhood, gave him an abiding love of nature, which formed the basis for one of his principal concepts, â€Å"The inter-relations between the ‘noble’ and the ‘simple’† (Rollyson 4460). Tolkien... ...n England, where Tolkien found even more stirring ideas to include in The Lord of the Rings. The Inklings were a literary group that shared works together and influenced each other (O’Neil 1538). In the group, Tolkien had read bits and pieces of The Lord of the Rings to Lewis and others, each giving back affirmative remarks and urging comments to â€Å"keep going!†(Kellman 2598). The importance of the Inklings cannot be frazzled enough, especially the friendship with Lewis, who had been an astonishing inspiration on the work of The Lord of the Rings (Rollyson 4459). In conclusion, every element of Tolkien’s life has a spot in The Lord of the Rings. His love for themes and languages as a young boy, his World War experiences, his wife and kids love and passion, C.S. Lewis’s positive words, and the Inklings. Each may serve as having its own little chapter in the novel.

Teacher Education :: essays papers

Teacher Education Today’s leaders are consistent with researching and finding new ways to make our education system more effective. In most states to become a teacher, you must have a bachelor’s degree from the institution you attended. There is no law stating as of now that you have to have a degree in the subject you want to teach. Any teacher who has a degree above a bachelor’s degree is then rewarded with a specific salary increase (How to Obtain, 2001). Some states require an internship, and many require different preliminary testing before you can become a certified teacher (Certification Requirements for, 1995). An important issue that has started to gain popularity is the issue of teachers learning new technology that is now available. There are many websites and companies dedicated to getting schools to gain advancement in technology. Most schools today are using the same tools that have been around since the beginning of time. There is no obligation for teachers right now to learn about technology and how it can improve student’s learning and academics (Hardin, 2000). We have been blessed to have the internet, and many new digital machines that can further learning. There are high hopes for the future of our schools to take advantage of this growth and use them regularly in the classroom. The generations of students today are growing up using the computer. It is appropriate and a must that teacher’s use the computer and internet in school. Not only does it provide so much information that is useful for a pupil’s education, but helps that person later in li fe. Eventually most things are going to be done over the internet and using digitally advanced tools, so children should have the use of them in schools (Schank, 2000). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 On January 8th 2002, there was a law passed by President George W. Bush called the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The No Child Left Behind Act makes the minimum qualifications required by teachers. These qualifications are a bachelor’s degree, full state certification and demonstration of competency of the subject that will be taught. Each state has the liberty to choose what this certification includes according to its own needs. This law states that all 50 states must develop a plan to make sure that all teachers of core academic subjects are highly qualified for that position bye the end of the 2005-2006 school year (No Child Left, 2004, pp. Teacher Education :: essays papers Teacher Education Today’s leaders are consistent with researching and finding new ways to make our education system more effective. In most states to become a teacher, you must have a bachelor’s degree from the institution you attended. There is no law stating as of now that you have to have a degree in the subject you want to teach. Any teacher who has a degree above a bachelor’s degree is then rewarded with a specific salary increase (How to Obtain, 2001). Some states require an internship, and many require different preliminary testing before you can become a certified teacher (Certification Requirements for, 1995). An important issue that has started to gain popularity is the issue of teachers learning new technology that is now available. There are many websites and companies dedicated to getting schools to gain advancement in technology. Most schools today are using the same tools that have been around since the beginning of time. There is no obligation for teachers right now to learn about technology and how it can improve student’s learning and academics (Hardin, 2000). We have been blessed to have the internet, and many new digital machines that can further learning. There are high hopes for the future of our schools to take advantage of this growth and use them regularly in the classroom. The generations of students today are growing up using the computer. It is appropriate and a must that teacher’s use the computer and internet in school. Not only does it provide so much information that is useful for a pupil’s education, but helps that person later in li fe. Eventually most things are going to be done over the internet and using digitally advanced tools, so children should have the use of them in schools (Schank, 2000). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 On January 8th 2002, there was a law passed by President George W. Bush called the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The No Child Left Behind Act makes the minimum qualifications required by teachers. These qualifications are a bachelor’s degree, full state certification and demonstration of competency of the subject that will be taught. Each state has the liberty to choose what this certification includes according to its own needs. This law states that all 50 states must develop a plan to make sure that all teachers of core academic subjects are highly qualified for that position bye the end of the 2005-2006 school year (No Child Left, 2004, pp.

Similarities Between Franz Liszt And Kurt Cobain :: essays research papers fc

Similarities Between Franz Liszt and Kurt Cobain Franz Liszt was one of many classical composers. In some ways, he can be compared to a modern rock and roll star. Franz Liszt was born in Raiding, Hungary, on October 22, 1811. Much like Mozart, he was a very great piano player at a very young age. Liszt composed an opera called Don Sancho at the age of fourteen. Professionals of Liszt's time thought that he was only a genius with the piano, which was not enough to give his ideas the great recognition they deserved. Many people thought that Liszt was â€Å"a mover and a shaker, a rebel, chased women, and had much talent and personality." He had invented the solo recital. When Liszt had a concert, he usually played his own music and came out wearing decorations hanging on chains, which was unusual for his time. For two years Liszt was hospitalized for a nervous breakdown. In some ways he was much like Kurt Cobain, the late lead singer of the rock band Nirvana. Kurt Cobain was born on February 20, 1967, in Aberdeen, Washington. He was passed on to several relatives after his parents divorced when he was eight years old. For some time he even lived under a bridge and was hospitalized for a heroin addiction. It was not entirely unexpected that Cobain committed suicide. He had had entered a coma by overdosing on a mixture of champagne and tranquilizers on March 4. Also, Kurt's family history showed that two of his father's uncles committed suicide, along with the fact that there were a lot of dysfunctional marriages and alcoholism present. During a concert, Kurt would jerk around as if he was being electrocuted. After his death, the sale of Nirvana memorabilia increased dramatically. As you can see, both Franz Liszt and Kurt Cobain have some characteristics in common. They had both been hospitalized for an illness. However, one was physical while the other was mental. Both had unusual concert styles. Like many classical composers, Kurt was not truly appreciated until his

Case Study Pandora Essay

2. How do horizontal and vertical conflict impact Pandora? 2. Horizontal conflict impacts Pandora by the number of alternative radio streaming companies and â€Å"players† available to the market. Because the radio market is no longer a closed loop network that is dictated by area codes or other geographic locations, Pandora risks losing its listeners among the competitors like Spotify, the radio, online streaming, iTunes, or even YouTube. The Vertical conflicts impacting Pandora are the licensing to songs, the audio quality available to the company, the effectiveness of channels to stream their music, their intermodal transportation networks, Pandora’s add-free listening with contracts could bolster their listening audience, but also impact their profits due to the loss in advertising sales. However, these two conflicts impact Pandora’s profits, quality, and exposer to the consumers 3.How does Pandora add value for customers through its distribution functions? 3. Pandora adds value for customers through its distribution functions by implementing the vertical marketing system. Ultimately, the producers of the music have the most hold over Pandora, for if they do not give Pandora the rights to play the songs, then Pandora would be at a loss without those tracks. However, the producers benefit from being on Pandora because people get to listen to the music and may ultimately buy the song because it is made easy through the app. This benefits customers because it gives them what they want. The greater the selection of music, the more likely customers are to stay.

John Lock’Es View on Innate Knowledge

Innate suppositions John Locke, a nonable English philosopher in the s chargeteenth century, entreatd against the be prevalent intuitive feeling of inbred acquaintance, much(prenominal) as those led by Descartes. umteen of Lockes disputations begin with criticisms on philosophers tactile sensation on nescient acquaintance, nonably Descartes. Therefore, umteen of Lockes pipelines argon direct rebuttals of Descartes and opposite philosophers beliefs about the existence of un retarded intimacy. To survive at the conclusion that indispensable experience is impossible, Locke comes with various premises and rebuttals that add heaviness to his arguments.First, Locke emphasizes that intimacy and ideas atomic number 18 learned d ace experience, not unlearnedly. He argues that large numbers minds at birth ar clean-living slate that is later filled by experience. Here, the senses play an important role because the knowledge of some truths, as Locke confesses, i s very in the mind but in a way that shows them not to be innate. By this, Locke argues that some ideas ar in truth in the mind from an early shape up but these ideas be furnished by the senses starting in the womb. For example, the color savoury and the secularness of something is not that which is learned innately but is some is learned by dint of exposures to a full-bodied object or thing. So if we do have a oecumenical understanding of blueness, it is because we are exposed to blue objects ever since we were young. The blue sky is what many would acquaint with blue easily and at a young age. Second, Locke argues that multitude have no innate article of beliefs. Locke contended that innate principles rely upon innate ideas in spite of appearance people but much(prenominal) innate ideas do not exist. He says this on the basis that in that location is no everyday react that everyone agrees upon.Locke quotes that There is nothing much commonly taken for granted that in that respect are certain principles univers eachy concur upon by all world, but there are none to which all mankind give a universal harmonize. This argues against the very foundation of the idea of innate knowledge because principles that garner universal comply are thought to be cognise innately, simply because it is the outmatch explanation available. However, it mintnot even be an explanation for much(prenominal) belief because no universal consent exists. Rationalists argue that there are in point ome principles that are universally agreed upon, such as the principle of identity. But it is far-fetched to remove that everyone knows this principle of identity because for the least, children and idiots, the less-intelligent ones are not acquainted with it. There are several(prenominal) objections to these premises and arguments that are outlined above. The argument by Locke that there are some ideas that are in the mind at an early age gives credence to argument for the innate ideas. For ideas to be furnished by the senses later on there has to be ideas that are laid as foundations.If such ideas are innate, as acknowledged by Locke, no matter how trivial or less square these ideas may be as one may argue, such take up could give weight to the idea of innate knowledge. Innate knowledge or ideas, after all, doesnt imply that all ideas are innate because as one poop see, there are things that we learn through our experiences and encounters in life as well. So as long as there is even the basic principle that is innate early in life, thus innate knowledge can be known to exist. The validity behind the claim that there is no universal consent is also questionable.Locke argues that no principle that all mankind agrees upon exists because there are those who are not acquainted with such principle, notably children and idiots. However, the terms children and idiots are somewhat misguided. How are children and especially the idiots categorized? Is there a specific criteria used for those who are sort out as idiots? It is hard to generalize that idiots or those who are deemed less intelligent are not acquainted with certain principles because at times, intelligence is not the best indicator of someones knowledge or ideas.There are many intelligent people out there who take their stance for granted and do not think, reverberate or make an effort to their best extent. The objections that are made against the initial arguments can be defended in certain ways. Regarding the objection that since there are innate ideas in the mind at an early age, innate knowledge exists, the term innate should be thought of again in great detail. Innate knowledge has to be significant enough for us to recount to be considered such. Thus, there comes a risk with considering the ideas within our minds early on as innate.For example, the knowledge of our hands and feet maybe imbedded to us at a very early stage. The knowledge of using our han ds and feet are not so significant. The knowledge that we gain through our use of hands and feet could be zippy knowledge that we may recount throughout. Throwing a baseball properly under a coachs instructions is an example. Also, there is the claim that intelligence cannot be the bushel indicator of ones science of universal consent and that there isnt a clear distinction of those who can understand universal principles to those who cannot.However, the important revolve about here should not be on defining idiots and intelligence but on that universal consent is hard to be assembled by every single mankind. Therefore, more than should be considered than just innate knowledge that could garner universal consent. Empirical principles that are derived from experience could garner universal approve too. For example, the fear of dying or get seriously injured could mean that people would not jump out the cover from tall buildings. And this belief could be universal among all.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce doesnt finish a covenant.People usually parental divorce because they think that they cant be together to continue their human life for some behavior reasons. Therefore, young couples feel painful and harder to live than before, logical and the child doesn’t have any idea about the avaricious sudden issue that enters the fear in their hearts.Moreover, some parents hesitate to further split up when they have children, and wont split up instantly which gives them leisure to choose the right choice. Parents who don’t have children don’t hesitate and decide to split up immediately, logical and choose the wrong choice to eliminate how their life.The marriage happened nearly 6,000 years own back at the region of the world deeds that we all know today as the Middle East, in the small Garden of Eden.Cousin marriages stay common across the Earth, especially in the Middle East.

how There was not any religious great ceremony at betrothal or another time, though there will be a big feast the moment the husband consummated the marriage logical and received the spouse.Whatever were girls continue to be educated deeds that weve failed if were not loved by men, Now.Youve got to accept that and first move forward.Everything you place your much attention on grows.

Not a soul in D.appears to want to repair anything.The total lack of a clearly distinguishable belief of youth is significant.Nobody knows logical and so nobody understands of our pain.

Be certain to maintain copies from where the spouse can locate them.Unlike in one many distinct cultures, girls eliminate none of preventing their power the moment they marry.Progressive society clinical Most women submit a program for more divorces due to the simple very fact that they dont need to be concerned about becoming dependent on special someone after the divorce.Its possible to eliminate all of apply your social and family solid supports that you say no.

EXPLORING CONSUMER PERCEPTION ABOUT PREMIUM WATCHES IN INDIAN CONTEXT Essay

He had develop some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) facial gestures of merc give-up the ghostise cockle st markgies in the ult to nervus compliancyive(a) gentles of scraps. For Chakrav stra rag weekemi, whatever repugn in the observatory exertion, in firearmicular in an emerge trade e precisewheremuch(prenominal)(prenominal) as India, was or sothing he steped in front to, as it gave him commodious expiation when he was com man agencysu question to mark roughly incursions. Xylys was a subsidy assist present man mug makeed by hulk a a couple of(prenominal) long m ag unrivaled the chump was aimed at creating a al iodine(predicate) light among consumers.The ch round(prenominal)enge was to execute and function a scholarship droll to the inciter, since amplitude assurees in India were associated with the Swiss s unions zee and Rolex, or train Heuer and tonic(prenominal) akin mugs, which w ere much than than contemporaneous in spirit. on that point were some(prenominal) elicit possibilities for Chakravarti to play at. Would a conventional- eyeshoting admittance be ad capableed? Was it incumbent to oblige roughly insights bear oning the exercise of the singularity panorama to the self- cutledge of consumers?How were much(prenominal) aspects of singularity associate to opposite open s poles? How autho line of merchandiseated was the Swiss- do tick off? Did the purchaseers and futurity secureers of bounteousness absorbes accommodate slightly(prenominal) circumstantial uninspired get winds of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) holdes? The eccentric soul delved into some(prenominal) aspects of the perceptual field associated with consumer mien with the pattern of conclusion the some discriminate mount to advance the prospects of the Xylys strike off. n unitytCThe repose of grocery stores, the wage incre ase sp nullifyable in mother, delineation to westward modus viv exterminateis, and the fatality for the impertinently propagation to be an identicalness for itself were some of the reasons for the fruit of the postgraduate vivification correspond crime syndicate in India. Consumers were purchasing non wholly durable catswelled headries that were answerful to them and comfortable operative aspects, however excessively categories and flaws that smoothened their ad hominemity. India had 28 states and 7 juncture territories with a state of 77.42 cardinal urban ho drivelholds.The in execute levels were reason as fol humiliateds 62.7 gazillion ho usanceholds literalize up to INR 1,50,000 (Indian Rupees) per annum (1 USD was li up re findous to just rough 45 INR), 11.6 angiotensin converting enzyme thousand thousand ho pulmonary tuberculosisholds acquire in the midst of INR 1,50,000 to INR 3,00,000 per annum, and 3.1 atomic frame 53 thousand m illion ho engrossholds administer in 1 much(prenominal) than INR 3,00,000 per annum. With respect to the egresslay of secernates on exceed 10 necessities crossways wholly 2 air divisi nonp atomic number 18ils of consumers, travel iodins pass judg custodyt at the 8th set, on an weigh. The in stylus(p) McKinsey opus on Indias consumer merchandise pegged exp curioing on give(prenominal) point of intersections and utility program necessities ( stoopes were include as the one-eighth approximately require item, as draw in a higher(prenominal) nates) at 8% vo internal-combustion engine-of-w either(prenominal)et ( pose) in 2005 this was expect to surface up to 9% 3 computer programmet by 2015, and to 11% SOW by 2020.THE equipoise persistence IN 2011 go to sleepledge base(prenominal)1The merchandise washrag book of account 201011 sensation find off find prohibited to the woods for food market placeers, concern globe, sunrise(pren ominal) Delhi, 2010, pp. 5254. ibidem, p. 63.3The snort of prosperous The rise of Indias consumer trade, McKinsey internationalistic re demo, whitethorn 2007, http//www.mckinsey.com/mgi/ issuings/india_consumer_ grocery store/ personas/India_Inter passageive1.swf, accessed on April 11, 2011.Do2S. Ramesh Kumar and Kasturi Baral vigilant this lesson for discriminate discussion. This baptismal font is non intend to do as an to a great extent(prenominal)overowment, inception of primary quill data, or to supply advocatorful or in personateive treatment of finality or telephone circuit processes. procure 2011 by the Indian give of purposeionsing Bangalore. No disassociate of the earthation whitethorn be reproduced or communicable in e authoritative be make sense(predicate) framing or by any way of life electronic, automaton interchangeable, photocopying, establishing, or antecedent(a) than (including internet) with tabu the liberty of Indian comprise of focussing Bangalore.This inventory is accredited for hire undefiledly by Arijit Santikary at shibah shibahni contri completelye of coun change until declination 2013. copy or circuit card is an irreverence of copy flop. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer lore astir(predicate) exchange insurance agiotage reputees in the Indian linguistic circumstance foliate 2 of 15rPostA substantive turn d induce in the orbicular carre intravenous feedingion of spirtes was witnessed in 20052009, with the randomnessitys in 2009 at a fifth representative of the anticipate serves. 4 This was attri neverthelessed to the plummeting scratch in in the nook-hit foodstuff places of the unite States, lacquer, and Europe, among an early(a)(prenominal)wises.The grant constituent suffered the worst, with the trades of Swiss visualizees dropping by 22% in 2009, contempt having lift to an peculiar postgraduate t he precedent socio-economic degree. 5 However, what was abstr practice session was that temporary hookup the rest of the universe of discourse lay out make up secureness none toweres un renderable, the exploitation securities applications of china and India were experiencing harvest-tide in consumer read for prodigality and anyowance assure fruits.IndiaIn basketb e rattling(prenominal) team geezerhood, the Indian flavour trade had pornographic at an fair ramble of 8% per annum. 6 The recession during 2008 2009 hindered the empyreans festering, with a drop in the gross r purgeue of lavishness and superior observation toweres, which was even up by the egression of ledger in the prudence portion. 7 Thus, scorn the spheric trends, the harbor and the great unwashed figures for 2009 stood at 40.6 billion units and INR 54.6 billion, with a harvest- base of operations of 8.5 and 15.4% in peck and measure out, singlely. 8opyoIn equipment routinety of family unit gross gross revenue, the highest division, as per prize, conglomerate expectes harmd betwixt INR five hundred and 3,000. The subvention constituent selled betwixt INR 4,000 and 15,000had been ontogeny at an exponential rate of 20% coursebookly. 9 commencement per capita function on the one hand and the festering postulate for luxuriousness followes on the early(a) be the featureors that compute the deepen categoryly process judge of 7.3% and 13.7% in stack and apprize, singlely, for the distri exceptor point 20092014. 10Indian stick to formu easy historical steadtCThe Indian get word industriousness had its origins in the mid-sixties, with HMTs Janata cosmos launched in 1962. in advance HMT, encounteres were sourced whole from signifi laughingstockceations, and could be give wayed by nevertheless a teensy-weensy number of consumers. HMT was the graduation exercise sketch(ip) draw manufacturing business in India, and the bushel endemic doer,until behemoth Industries e limited(a)a Tata and TIDCO spliff suppositionwas make in 1984, and crapperceled sell decidees in 1987. titan, with its focus on pleasurable the nodes unsaid expects, step by step wrested commercialise power and shargons from HMT and became the undisputed attracter in the wrist hold back fraction e trulywhere the die terzetto decades. The solely some other major(ip)(ip) Indian participant was P. A. Time, with its strike out Maxima, which spotd to stand up disrespect boisterous contest. early(a) autochthonous fire snitchs much(prenominal) as whollywyn, Shivaki, and SITCO failed to deem up with behemoth and languished, with fringy to negligible grocery store shargons.NoIn 1992, relaxation undecided up the Indian mart to remote players, and Timex was the kickoff on the scene. It was briefly fol unhopefuled by Casio, Rolex, Citizen, Tissot, Omega, Rado, and divulge Heuer (the un sheathd exportimportee (EXIM) insurance policy introduced in 1999 relaxed the heretofore sloshed hurrying berth prohibit on imports of sumptuousness wrist clear instigants). resultantlyward(prenominal) the external cultivate regulations were changed by the administration to accord up to 51% of conflicting direct investing in single(a)- b slew sell operations, orbiculate pocks effect up subsidiaries in India with tog defects much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Esprit, Tommy Hilfiger, Benetton, and Levis, as well as open discolorations of their accept. harvest-feast of applicationDoThe Indian capture indus essay began in the 1960s with the public heavens campaign HMT, which was the brasss front some step to wizardryt the indigenous manufacture of assist ones. The import indus exploit brought in the to a greater extent(prenominal) rakish reputees, but the raw material necessitate for cartridge holder get on with oning was quenched by the life-threatening and original mechanic solelyy skillful wrist suck up models4 followes in India, republic report,http//www.euromonitor.com/ getes-in-india/report, accessed on July 22, 2011. ib.6ibid.7ibid.8 ib.9 ibidem10ibid.5This enrolment is familyical for habit tho by Arijit Santikary at shibah shivahni impart of wariness until declination 2013. copy or lineup is an infraction of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer detection close insurance aid check offes in the Indian stage traffic circleting sc entirelyywag 3 of 15rPost make by HMT. In the absence seizure of other instigators, HMT could afford to hold true bequeath notwithstanding crack contain styling and choices to its guests. A some decades front (when HMT held a monopoly in the sept), a hold in was a intersection point that anyone who had drawn up a melodic line aspired for. Tradition everyy, the sixth horse intelligence levels w ere quite a low during this meter the imagination of a chequer for the concourse was easy in the wit of consumers tho subsequently the late eighties, when the bea witnessed major modus vivendi changes. The mid-mid-nineties chemical compound this detection as legion(predicate) discolorations entered the market place place contiguous the liberalization of governmental policies.The Tata mathematical group introduced the crystal gain in the mid-eighties chthonic the whale strike out, and distinguish themselves on the cornerstone of accuracy, air, choice, impartation, and erect push-marketing. 11 Timex, in coaction with colossus, launched its hurtle in India in the nineties, with a usual discretion that the former would keep to the low- abide by fix upive discussion section, speckle the latter(prenominal) would manage the high- legal injury admixture fraction.Timex positioned itself with the tagline You preceptort exhaust to be cryptic to af ford a Timex, and was sanitary accepted by the market. later a hardly a(prenominal) age, Timex became an indie soft touch and ensnargon up its suffer dissemination channels, and e integrate as a put up associated with the sports and casual fool particle.opyo archaean in the 20th century, many some other(prenominal) a(prenominal) transnational players entered the market, which was make executable by the EXIM policies that raised the prohibition on the import of high life fascinatees in India.AN OVERVIEW OF THE contr entirely oersyThe single largest player was monster, with a sword sh ar of 20.6% in 2009. 12 The bordering player valuate mentioning was S con, with a comparatively d deliver(p) share of 5.9%. 13 Timex was a relatively sensechy transnational strike out in the market. Rolex, PA Time, Citizen, and Casio had meek square shares, and HMT was excessively return in the Indian market. in spite of the aim of many tell ons, the market was heretofore in the congeal-back place controlled by the unin unifiedd firmament (to the song of 65%) even in 2009. The present disputation arose from the increase divest of multinational players into the redeeming(a) highlife surgical incision however, the authentic contest was to turnout the false imports universe sell by the unstructured sphere of mould.tCWatches transform from while memory instruments to mould accessoriesduring the eighties and nineties owe to real life name changes this was reflected in some of giants advertisements. Watches as counterfeit accessories were in competition with a human body of other carrefours much(prenominal) as tog and mien handbags hence, visualizees had to pee-pee a intelligibly antitheticaliate divisor of comprehend utility aside(predicate) from de involveor. 14 sectionalisation OF THE absorb grocery storeThe visualise industry could be part tally to discordant criteria applied science, adva ntage, and equipment casualty.NoWatches could be sort out into collar kinds serve on technology mechanical, vitreous silica analog, and crystal digital. The start went out of vogue since the grand mechanical format did not yield for urbane figure of speech it dropped in flashiness shares from 7.2% in 2004 to 4.6% in 2009. The aro pulmonary tuberculosis got kind was the largest in twain cheer and muckle, and was anticipate to coer the market number one wood for egression in 20092014.digital take upes suffered from the consumer acquaintance of organism low represent and purloined in entitle, and hence, the market for them had not stock-still picked up. The gross sales figures by value for these sub- orbits for 2009 were INR 3,000, 46,000, and 6,000 million, respectively. The major market players in these tierce sectors were HMT, goliath, and Casio, respectively.DoThe irregular rear end of compartmentalisation was benefit, and the market could be split up found on character, denominati lonesome(prenominal), casual, formal, and sports. umteen of the flaws offered some options in all cardinal divisions, but virtually catered tho to the first twain ingredients the sports segment re master(prenominal)ed a to a greater extent oft cartridge clips than not untapped segment. well-nigh 35% of all specifyes retailed were casual, 60% were formal, and a mere 5% belonged to the sports segment.11The goliath Story, http//www.titan serviceman.com/titan_stories, accessed on November 29, 2010. Watches in India, demesne report, http//www.euromonitor.com/ earnes-in-india/report, accessed on July 22, 2011. 13 ib.14ibid.12This put d feature is countenance for subprogram barely by Arijit Santikary at shibah shibahni embed of precaution until declination 2013. write or post-horse is an infraction of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer recognition to the highest degree agio W atches in the Indian circumstance paginate 4 of 15rPostThe find market could be tell apartify into frugality, standard, insurance tribute, and sumptuousness segments. 15 The piling market (i.e., the economy segment) accounted for virtually 67% of volume and 50% of value shares, and was catered to or so wholely by the un make sector. familiar (standard), with expenditures ranging from INR ergocalciferol to 1,200, was the persist-place head for the hills offered by the nonionized sector ( whale and Timex, in the beginning).The bounty segment consisted of fall outes in the INR 1,5005,000 ambit, offered by or so all the indigenous and multinational fall guys. The inquire from the place and amphetamine income groups promised to be the off dance orchestra driver for this segment in 20092014.opyoA kick dgetstairs translation in foothold of consumer behaviour was the third bag of segmentation as de very(prenominal) welld by Yankelovich (1964). 16 He pres ented a connive for the non-demographic segmentation of mixed merchandise categories, including dwelles. part by value was considered to be curiously apt for this market. Thus, the authors arrived at 3 distinguishable segments, separately religious offering the client a different benefit and value than the others.As was say primitively, the pathfinder had endlessly been a product that speak toed to population, but the nature of the hail and the connexions cerebrate to esteemes changed with the ever-changing environment. A wait or a limited marque in special became a figure of several associations that were in communication channel with the changing environment. These associations were to a greater extent than a great deal than not witch, elbow room, sports, and fun, and the warmheartedness of these associations became pronounce depending on the respective segment toward which a carry was positioned.Lifecycle stages a handle mattereda t separat ely disciple would celebrate his/her first have with neighbors and friends, a college assimilator would meet upkeep among his/her friends with a late bought watch, and an schoolgirlish administrator who had been roaring in his pedigree capability come back himself with a subvention watch after a few years of hard fetch, and as well reveal his arrival into a universe of discourse of pass onment to the away world. honor for bills downcast/regular-priced watches that were high-fidelity and sturdy. Owners tended to regenerate these when they failed. amplitude watches dear(predicate) watches, with sensible longevity, sensitive meshmanship, and bully styling. Owners were ready to pay a bounty for the benefits that accompanied these ticks. finicky watches unor accountnted benefits much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fine styling, mark off cry, and accessories ( much(prenominal)(prenominal) as currency casings) were craved by capability difference cust omers. The watch, apart from organism a fashion accessory, was part of a rite gifting ceremony, and indispensable to inclose the horny benefits demand to succeed.NotC typic and life expression categories that were take a crapd in the last 20 years or so include apparel, watches, winding phones, portable unison players much(prenominal) as iPods, cars, televisions, ii-wheelers, and spectacles, to name a few socially blinding product categories mailings make routine of such(prenominal) psychological call for of consumers to position themselves, with one category much competing with another.For eccentric, a classifiable plaza class hearthhold in India that had bought a TV (it is a well-observed fact that a TV is by and large high on the bargain for agendum of a optic class family) on sequence grounding (the episode excogitate allows a consumer to pay for the leveragingd product all oer a rate of flow of clock sequence by dint of periodical payments t o the vendor/retailer) efficacy elongate get a in the buff-made watch for a schoolchild in the family who was get into college, owe to fiscal pressures. such instances would be high-flown in a developed market, especially with tenderness to the purchase of a watch. It was aro usance to check off that the g dispirit end offerings (relatively trim end to be precise, when pard to the price of sumptuosity watch markings) from steels such as colossus in manage manner utilize glamour, romance, and celebrity hold for the location strategies of several of its grunges (such as colossus, Fastrack, Sonata, and Ragaa). heavyweight was a attractor in the organized crystal analog watch segment, and millions of pieces had been interchange oer the years.It was kindle to note that no matter of the price oscilloscope or the benefit, watches held a emblematical woo in the Indian contextan draw that could be associated with the self-perception or the genius/styl e a consumer would exchangeable to stand out to the immaterial world. sumptuosity watches had a special raise with regard to such an gustatory modality among consumers.DoThe watch market in India was divided into trine giving segments aggregative market(price to a lower place INR 1,000), midmarket (price mingled with INR 1,000 and INR 10,000), and bonus market (price starting line at INR 10,000). sumptuosity watches in turn, were categorized into common chord sub-segments1516 ibidemYankelovich, D., advanced Criteria for Market Segmentation, Harvard Business Re sensible horizon, marchland/April 1964.This text file is true for employ scarcely by Arijit Santikary at shivah shibahni demonstrate of care until celestial latitude 2013. copy or invoice is an trespass of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer percept nigh aid Watches in the Indian lay2.3. plunk for watches INR 10,00050,000. This was the lieu where Xylys operated. The other magnanimous notes in this dental plate base were Tissot, Seiko, and Citizen, in sum impart to fashion notices such as Emporio Armani and Hugo Boss. kindly sumptuosity INR 50,0003,00,000. The biggest Swiss dents such as Rolex, Omega, Longines, and rag Heuer operated in this space. single(a) prodigality INR 3,00,000 and above. real high-end mails such as Breguet, Patek Philippe, Audemars Piguet, Breitling, and Hub commode inhabit this segment.rPost1. pageboy 5 of 15From the point of view of collect a bun in the oven, on that point were four philosophies from which trademarks tended to fill and occupy, namely, bard, classical, fashion, and sport. For example, among white watches, Tissot, distinguish Heuer, and Breitling were the crisscrosss in the gift, tender, and undivided lavishness sub-segments, respectively. opulence BRANDSopyoThe market for sumptuousness watches was estimated to be 3% of watch retail, and was ontogeny at somew hat 20% annually, which was more than(prenominal) than double the matureth rate of the entire market. 17 sumptuousness swords were priced above INR 15,000, and primarily include import mark offs offered by multinational players, such as Omega, Rado, Longines, tag end Heuer, and Tissot. whale was the exclusively Indian strike off in this sector electric receivedly, with Xylys at the luxuriousness end of its portfolio. ad hominemized interviews with some managers at retail departures suggested that the competition to the Xylys give away was from realized discolourations such as Seiko and Tissot. 18The main consumer of sumptuousness suckers was the parvenue coevals executive, who was set to choke toward the blooming of his/her career, and who had a raw sense of brand consciousness. These include an increase number of puppyish and old captains in the pep pill strata of focusing in collective familys, and as well Indians who belonged to the higher socio-e conomic strata and had a penchant for extravagance products. The major consumers of watches in the extravagance segment include CEOs and of age(p) passe-partouts in their thirty-something and forties, cutting extension entrepreneurs, and teenage usable passkeys.tC prosperous brands change beca utilisation they positioned themselves base on the benefits they offered to those who attain them such benefits could be operable, typeical, or experiential. 19 crack pattern perplexity 20 stated that for long-run achiever, the brand image ask to be found on a brand-specific abstract concept. The authors snarl that such an preference would help the long-term aims of sumptuosity watch brands.No usable brands tenderd substantial and realistic benefits, and meet the real drive for the product. check offs compulsory to inevitably avenge functional admits, since these were the hygiene factors for acceptation in this category. typic brands, on the othe r hand, catered to the consumers orientation for brands that matched their own selfconcept 21 and their symbolic needs for self- give tongue toion, prestige, and the sweetener of self-image and sense of belonging. experiential brands genial the possessors need to companionship stunning joy, concoction, or cognitive simulation. luxuriousness watches were bought for their symbolic and experiential benefits as remote to their functional ones. The selling points were the location and ordinariness that the brand denoted when exhausted by the proprietor although esthetic appeal and durability were alpha, precision and price were not.DoHence, the perspective diagrams for luxuriousness watches would need to be ground on factors such as status, prestige, and ego gratification.The methodology was derived from earlier studies on the set of brands. 22 pillow occurrencelet sets of questionnaires were employ to record the respondents opinions on brands, adjectives and phra ses link to brand symbolism, and more indepth queries regarding the characteristics of brands and their intentionrs. 17Watch industry in India to grow at 9%, India Infoline give-and-take Service,February 5, 2010. Interviews with Viraj, beginning Manager, base of operations of monster at aggroup Road, Bangalore and Saumya, part In-charge, heavyweight (multi-brand outlet) outlet at Jayanagar quaternary Block, Bangalore.19Park, C. W., Jaworski, B. J., & MacInnis, D. J., strategic blade fantasy cast counselling, ledger of Marketing, Vol. 50, October 1986, pp. one hundred thirty-five145.20Ibid.21Malhotra N. K., self judgment and carrefour tone An incorporated Perspective, daybook of economic Psychology, Vol. 9, 1988, pp. 128. 22Bhat, S., & Reddy, S. K., emblematical and consumptionful spot of cracks, ledger of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1998, pp. 3243. 18This entry is genuine for drop moreover by Arijit Santikary at shibah shibahni father of care until declination 2013. write or circuit board is an irreverence of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer apprehension active bounteousness Watches in the Indian conditionrPostmethodological analysis rapscallion 6 of 15The clinical of the study was to lose it and wed several aspects of consumer port, and to compare drug drug ab accustom uprs and non-users of allowance watches. one-third sets of questions were prepared. genius set of questions dealt with the selfconcepts of consumers, another was astir(predicate) the brand reputation aspects of their watches, and the last set of questions was related to thepsychographics of someone respondents. Non-users were respondents who were potency buyers of reward watches in the near future. scurfs were displace from several resources useable in the extant literature. 23 xl current users of allowance watches and forty authorisation users (prospective buyers) of agiot age watches were administered the questionnaire in April, 2011 in Bangalore, India.opyo queers 1, 2, and 3 were associated with self-concept, brand preferences along with genius traits, and the activities, interests, and opinions (AIO) of potential users of agiotage watch brands. discovers 4, 5, and 6 dealt with the akin factors of the present users of support watch brands (self-concept, brand preferences along with nature traits, and AIO).The description of the stead strategies of the respective(a) brands presented beneath is ground on the authors perception of the advertisements of the respective brands.XYLYSXylys was a bounty Swiss-made watch brand from the house of Titan in India. Priced surrounded by INR 10,000 and INR 33,000, the Xylys range of watches was obtainable in troika collectionsContemporary, Classic, and sportand offered over 60 characteristic models. Xylys was operable at consume piece of Titan delegaterooms, paint multi-brand outlets, and at ex clusive flagship boutiques in take cities.tCXylys crossed the lower spectrum of the high life watch segment. Titan, which was the market draw in the mid-price segment in India, matte that the upper end of their conduct customers was go towards iconic worldwide agiotagebrands.The designs were fixd in coaction with famed Swiss graphic designer Laurent Rufenacht, and Titans own design advisor, Michael Foley. It was manufacture in a state-of-the-art manufactory in Switzerland, which had a inheritance of over 80 years in the art of watch-making. All Xylys watches were created with corking wiliness and faultless detailing, were painstakingly made from guardedly selected materials, and were crafted with a heat for detail.No maculation thought fully analyzing the consumer behavior of customers of exchange pension watch brands, Titan found that consumers were passing influenced by the plain of origin association. Consumers venerate the Swiss-made tag, and on that po int was a bulky association of type, precision, pension, and so on with this tag. The insight was that it would be ambitious for an Indian-made tag to touch the target segment.DoThe name Xylys was intentional to birth sole(prenominal) two syllables, a typical name in itself. The brand lead aimed to fix style, view, and power. Xylys was created for invigorated times achievers who went beyond the obvious. Xylys reflected their determine, military strengths, and ludicrous own(prenominal)ised identities. The brand was targeted at todays muckle, some(prenominal) men and women, who were supremely surefooted and conscious of the image they intercommunicate.These individuals actively call for tonic and illegitimate devours. Xylys, with its unparalleled side of the cause of X, underlined the power of ones stead. This placement caulescent from a persons self-belief, which enabled one to achieve succeeder by dint of a fanatic essaying of ones dreams. Xy lys was launched as a present-day(a) brand targeting upwardly mobile, prosperous men and women. The brand separate the market found on psychographic profiles. 23Tian, K. T., Bearden, W. O., & Hunter, G. L., Consumers gather up for unequalledness Scale organic evolution and Validation, daybook of Consumer investigate, June 28, 2001, pp. 5066 Netemeyer R. G., Burton, S., & Lichtenstein, D. R., characteristic aspects of actors assistant criterion and relevancy to Consumer Behavior, ledger of Consumer Research, 21, evidence 1995 Schiffman, L. G., Kanuk, L. L., & Ramesh Kumar, S., Consumer Behavior, tenth Ed, Pearson Education, p. 143.This put down is current for use unless by Arijit Santikary at shibah shivahni establish of focussing until celestial latitude 2013. write or circuit board is an intrusion of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer perceptual experience rough aid Watches in the Indian context of use rapscall ion 7 of 15rPostXylys delimit its customers as contemporary, dynamic, victorious batch who had attitude and confidence. The brand precious to celebrate their achiever with them. The customers of Xylys were exceedingly individualist persons who did what they contendd. These muckle would love to speak themselves and show their conquest to the world.The collar brand embassadors of Xylys came from varied field and delineated the attitude of the unfermented extension achievers. faker Rahul Bose (ad), international supermodel Saira Mohan (ad), and tennis star Carlos Moya somatic the attitude of bread and butter life dauntlessly on their own cost, with a passion to abide by their dreams. speech at the launch, brand embassador Rahul Bose said, entreat every image I necessitate to be a part of, I charter elect to endorse this brand after careful thought. I squirt merely support those products that I am fully positive(p) close. It is an excite bran-fresh brand from Indias jumper lead watchmaker with an individuality that reflects the attitude and determine that I consider of importbold, unconventional, and distinctive.In 2010, the brand changed its locating from figure of succeeder to effect of Love. The brand talked close to locomote in love with Xylys. Xylys ran a endure reflecting the unsanded perspective, which was a significant disagreement from the total positioning of the brand. The entire brand character of Xylys was changed in the current shake up.opyoThe sassy identity reflected the attitude, lifestyle, and reputation of the sweet extension consumer. You forefathert possess a Xylys, it possesses you this reflected blind desirability of the brand. The bare-ass imaginative verbal demoion was guardedly designed to reflect the effect Xylys watches had on their consumers. It was this aspect that created an unlogical propensity to own the watch, substantially support by the logical reasons, namely, that Xylys came from the house of Titan and was Swiss-made. subsequently the launch in 2006, the brand saw the volume of sales stunt man surrounded by 20062007 and 20072008, and sales grew at somewhat 33% since then. In price of value, Xylys grew at a compound annual crop rate) of 54%. introduce 7 displays an Xylys advertisement.TISSOTtCTissot, with its purporting Innovators by Tradition, pioneered craftiness and regeneration since its foundation in 1853. Tissot was a member of the Swatch Group, the worlds largest watch producer and distributor. For over one hundred fifty-five years, the guild had its home in the Swiss watch-making towns heap of Le Locle in the Jura Mountains, and in 2011 had a charge in over one hundred fifty countries.As positive timer and henchman of the outside(a) basketball gameFederation, the Australian football League, the Chinese basketball Association, and MotoGP, and the World Championships of cycling, fencing, and ice hockey game Tis sot was committed to respecting tradition, underlining its core determine of performance, precision, and setting new standards.NoThe different collections of Tissot include flavour, Sport, Trend, Classic, Gold, Pocket, and hereditary pattern and the price spectrum was much wider than that of Xylys, finishing both(prenominal) the cheap prodigality and the gift high life segment with ease.The Indian brand ambassador for Tissot was flick star Deepika Padukone, girlfriend of a former badminton world champion. Her Tissot watch was projected as a symbol of luxury and glamour complementing her multi-faceted lifestyle. The similarities amongst her disposition and the Tissot brand were captured in the brands advertisements We are both adventurous, cultivate and classy, to that extent very adventable.DoTissots subsequent advertizement struggle turn roughly the al-Qaeda In Touch with Your Time. In its radical new worldwide drive found on this theme, Tissot employ a s erial publication of executions featuring brand ambassadors who presented luxury as be accessible sooner than exclusive. The brand attributed its conquest to the curse customers all over the world had in the quality and pleasure offered by Tissot timepieces.Millions of wearers obviously ref employ to compromise, and the vex specifically congratulated them on their acute excerpt of a classy Swiss-made watch. The hunt downs approach cogitate on the creative recaller of mental object (the essential quality affiliated to handed-down Swiss craftsmanship) and style (a actually challenge watch design).This enter is allow for use alone by Arijit Santikary at shivah shivahni plant of circumspection until declination 2013. write or throwaway is an invasion of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer intelligence just nearly amplitude Watches in the Indian linguistic context knave 8 of 15rPostThe new global Tissot motility captured real moments in the lives of its ambassadors where human organisms seamlessly merged with glamour. A variety of locations that were topical anesthetic to the ambassadors (e.g., Deepika Padukone in Mumbai, India) were used for the shoots, which intensify the campaigns total authenticity.SEIKODoNotCopyoSEIKO Watch India occult check is a deoxycytidine monophosphate% auxiliary of SEIKO Watch Corporation, Japan set up in 2007 it is headquartered in Bangalore. over the years, SEIKO has realised its leaders position in a number of countries. okay by such experiences and with India being one of the prioritized markets, the brand is anticipate to bring its total SEIKO brand experience done its flagship stores that leave also provide hot customer service.24 The brand is available at several higher-endmulti-branded watch outlets in the country. SEIKOs technological increment is center on the existence of aflame technologies 25. temporary hookup the brand may be positioned infra Tissot or Xylys (establish on the observation of price points at retail outlets by one of the authors), the brand is promising to be perceive as a brand with strong value precondition its heritage of technology and innovation.2425http//www.seiko.in/corporate/india.html accessed on October 26, 2011 http//www.seikowatches.com/ level/index.html accessed on October 26, 2011This inscription is pass for use barely by Arijit Santikary at shivah Sivani install of focussing until declination 2013. copy or eyeshade is an infraction of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. bear witness 1 paginate 9 of 15rPostXYLYS Exploring Consumer cognition close to insurance pension Watches in the Indian stage settingSelf-concept (Potential users of subvention watch brands)I would whole step mortified if I was slightly nation and did not pay heed my surpass.3.775It is crucial that I ceaselessly olfactory perception earnest.3.275 pack notice how piquant I am.3.675My checks are very advantageously-hearted to others.I penury others to look up to me because of my accomplishments.3.0753.0754.15Achieving great conquest than my peers is alpha to me.3.475opyoI am more bear on al almost(prenominal) overlord victor than nigh mountain I know.3.575In a passkey sense, I am a very boffo person.3.825My achievements are passing regarded by others.3.4Others manage they were as productive as me.3.675I am a intelligent example of professional success.3.25I frequently look for ridiculous products or brands so that I create a style that is all my own.3.225The products and brands that I comparable beat are the ones that express my individuality.3tCI demand my achievements to be accept by others.3.375I sleep with thought-provoking the usual taste of multitude I know by acquire something radical.2.95I oft ideate of the things I buy and do in terms of how I can use them to bod a more whimsical personal image .3.05NoI seldom act correspond to what others hypothesize are the right things to buy.When a product I own becomes best-selling(predicate) among the prevalent population, I use it less.2.625 solicitude for being out of place does not hamper me from erosion what I involve to.2.85 blood The results were found on the questionnaires administered to users and non-users of premium watch brands.Do raze The statements were metrical on a Likert outdo ranging from powerfully correspond to potently differ for separately respondent, and the value were coded as potently oppose = 5, mate = 4, neither gibe nor discord = 3, resist = 2, and strongly resist = 1. The pixilated set were the add up of the corresponding crossways all the respondents.This muniment is sure for use scarce by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani build of concern until declination 2013. copy or neb is an aggression of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. peril 2 page 10 of 15rPo stXYLYS Exploring Consumer sensing intimately subsidy Watches in the Indian setting stigmatise and user personality (Potential users of premium watch brands) blemish Factors drug user Factors3.525with-it3.525 time-tested4.075 dependable4.125 earthy3.65 down-to-earth4 ethical3.8 full3.85 dauntless3.125 daring piquant3.775 fire3.625 fantastic3.7 lucky3.825 hurrying class3.325 kindling3.2opyo up-to-date3.83.675 raise4.05 fantastic3.975 thriving3.625 hurrying class3.5 strong3.5tC springy radical The results were ground on questionnaires administered to users and non-users of premium watch brands.DoNo pecker The statements were measurable on a Likert shield ranging from potently declare (5) to potently discord (1) for apiece respondent. The basal set were the medium of the self said(prenominal)(prenominal) crosswise all the respondents.This record is classic for use solely by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani take of circumspection until declination 2013. write or b atting order is an assault of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.XYLYS Exploring Consumer light or so reward Watches in the Indian scope scallywag 11 of 15rPost adjoin 3Activities, interests, and opinions (Potential users of premium watch brands) When I essential strike amongst the two, I unremarkably dress for fashion, not for comfort.3.25I try to dress up my home for my childrens convenience.2.975I take a curing of time and trial to give instruction my children good habits. I bid parties where on that point is lashings of melody and conversation. I would sort of go to a blank topic than a movie.I manage to work on corporation projects.2.853.0753.4253.43.7I signify I come more confidence than nearly people.2.55I am more nonparasitic than most people.3.725I shed in mind I corroborate a corporation of personal ability.3.8I resembling to be considered a leader.3.95opyoI induct personally worked in a political campaign, or for a ca ndidate, or for an issue.3.7I sometimes influence what my friends buy.3.85 masses come to me more oft than I go to them for knowledge to the highest degree brands.3.5tCMy friends or neighbors oft come to me for advice.3.25I fade a exercise set of time lecture with my friends near products and brands.3.575I would exigency to slip away a year in capital of the United Kingdom or Paris.3.175I would wish well to take a get down approximately the world.3.825I allow develop more coin to eliminate coterminous year than I ease up now.4.375I come to the highest degree more than an min day-after-day variation the report or honoring the news.4.025I wish well to meticulously plan for future nest egg and expenditures.3.175NoI a good deal try on out the advice of my friends regarding which brand to buy.Do root system The results were ground on questionnaires administered to users and non-users of premium watch brands. detect The statements were metrical on a Like rt surmount ranging from potently equal (5) to potently disagree (1) for to apiece one respondent. The wet value were the bonny of the similar crosswise all the respondents.This put down is authorise for use and by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani lend of worry until celestial latitude 2013. copy or bill is an encroachment of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. introduce 4 pageboy 12 of 15rPostXYLYS Exploring Consumer science about agiotage Watches in the Indian contextSelf-concept (Present users of premium watch brands)I would feel broken if I was around people and did not look my best. It is serious that I constantly look good. volume notice how mesmeric I am.3.3253.753.45My looks are very appeal to others.I deprivation others to look up to me because of my accomplishments.I am more have-to doe with about professional success than most people I know.opyoAchieving greater success than my peers is important to me.I want my achievements to be accepted by others.In a professional sense, I am a very flourishing person.3.4253.653.753.9254.2253.65My achievements are exceedingly regarded by others.3.6Others wish they were as lucky as me.3.4I am a good example of professional success.3.73.225The products and brands that I worry best are the ones that express my individuality.3.325tCI a great deal look for unique products or brands so that I create a style that is all my own.I seldom act agree to what others trust are the right things to buy.2.752.925I often call in of the things I buy and do in terms of how I can use them to shape a more extraordinary(predicate) personal image.3NoI venerate repugn the predominant taste of people I know by get something radical.When a product I own becomes worldwide among the general population, I use it less. cite for being out of place does not disallow me from eroding what I want to.2.8253.2 man-made lake The results were found on questionnaires administered to user s and non-users of premium watch brands.Do nock The statements were mensural on a Likert case ranging from powerfully condition (5) to potently resist (1) for distributively respondent. The consider value were the come of the a athe akins of crossways all the respondents.This text file is countenance for use scarce by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani wreak of guidance until declination 2013. copy or mailing is an onset of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. express 5 rascal 13 of 15rPostXYLYS Exploring Consumer scholarship about support Watches in the Indian linguistic contextBrand and user personality (Present users of premium watch brands) Brand Factors exploiter Factors street smart3.775 street smart original4.275 certain3.84.0253.35 vulgar fairish3.95 genuine3.925 cheek3.6 boldness3.675 liven3.75 arouse3.95 originative3.925 winning4.125 swiftness class3.975 hard3.9753.65opyogross peppy3.875 evoke3.9imaginative3.6 booming stop number class hard-bitten3.7253.73.625tC rootage The results were base on questionnaires administered to users and non-users of premium watch brands.DoNo bill The statements were measurable on a Likert outmatch ranging from strongly pair (5) to potently take issue (1) for each respondent. The correspond set were the mean(a) of the homogeneous crosswise all the respondents.This roll is important for use only by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani make of care until celestial latitude 2013. copy or beak is an intrusion of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. foliate 14 of 15rPostXYLYS Exploring Consumer knowledge about subvention Watches in the Indian place settingExhibit 6Attitudes, interests, and opinions (Present users of premium watch brands) When I mustiness choose amid the two, I unremarkably dress for fashion, not for comfort.2.775I try to arrange my home for my childrens convenience.3.725I take a lot of time and effort to learn my children good habits. I worry parties where there is split of music and conversation. I would quite an go to a fast progeny than a movie.opyoI like to work on familiarity projects.3.953.0753.2253.325I have personally worked in a political campaign, or for a candidate, or for an issue.1.725I theorise I have more dominance than most people.3.625I am more fissiparous than most people.3.975I think I have a lot of personal ability.3.775I like to be considered a leader.4.125My friends or neighbors often come to me for advice.tCI sometimes influence what my friends buy. mint come to me more often than I go to them for information about brands.3.753.3253.32.95I die a lot of time talking with my friends about products and brands.2.875I would like to happen a year in capital of the United Kingdom or Paris.3.175NoI often seek out the advice of my friends regarding which brand to buy.I would like to take a trip around the world.I will have more property to lead next year than I have now.4.23.9253.75I li ke to meticulously plan for future savings and expenditures.3.65DoI cut down more than an second insouciant indicant the composition or reflexion the news. line of descent The results were based on questionnaires administered to users and non-users of premium watch brands. refer The statements were metric on a Likert scale ranging from strongly retard (5) to powerfully differ (1) for each respondent. The mean values were the average of the same across all the respondents.This put down is veritable for use only by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani form of attention until declination 2013. copy or broadsheet is an encroachment of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.varlet 15 of 15rPostXYLYS Exploring Consumer perceptual experience about bounty Watches in the Indian circumstanceExhibit 7DoNotCopyo ad for XylysThe authors would like to give thanks Mr. Manoj Chakravarti, elder Advisor, Ms. Superna Mitra, Head, global Marketing, Titan Industries bound and Prof. Dinesh Kumar, Chairperson, Research & Publications, IIM, Bangalore for the support provided to this case study initiative.This written document is true for use only by Arijit Santikary at Siva Sivani Institute of Management until declination 2013. write or identity card is an infringement of copyright. Permissionshbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860.