The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises Essay

The Coca-Cola Company Struggles with Ethical Crises - Essay Example The Belgian government ordered Coca-Cola to recall all its products, a move that was also witnessed in the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Coca-Cola at first underestimated the gravity of the matter, and took several days before correcting the situation or even going to the press about the issue. As a result of this delay, other people continued to suffer from the contaminated products, which had been determined to be the result of a consignment of carbon dioxide that had been improperly processed. France also reported about a hundred people had become ill after consuming coke, which led to all Coca-Cola products being banned from the country (Ferrell, Ferrell & Fraedrich ,2011) . The situation escalated and culminated in December the same year, when Belgium ordered Coca-Cola to halt a campaign it had launched to re-introduce its products in the country. Coca-Cola market eminence in Europe reduced significantly after this scandal, due to the incapability of the corporation to handle the cases professionally and with the seriousness they deserved. Coca-Cola was also accused of unfair competition in the international arena especially in European countries. In 1999, Coca-Cola sought to expand its market in France by trying to purchase a beverage company. The government intervened and stopped Coca-Cola from acquiring the company, under the antitrust laws of the European Union. Other countries such as Italy also accused Coca-Cola of anticompetitive prices and won a case against the company on the same. Other companies such as Pepsi also accused Coca-Cola of using discounts and refunds to get more consumers, something that was against European laws. Allegations of racial discrimination also plagued the Coca-Cola Company in 1999, after about 1500 employees of African-American descent sued the company on grounds of racial discrimination. The employees complained that favoritism was evident, in terms of payment, performance analysis and promotion. These allegations caused a lot of unrest in the company, and Coca-Cola had to pay 193 million dollars to settle the case (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011). Another case was in store for Coca-Cola, when it was accused of shipping more inventories to its supplies before a quarter was over, against business law. Afterwards, the company would count the shipments as sales, despite such goods remaining in the warehouses or being returned. These sales were then counted as revenue, thus creating the impression of a strong company, therefore, fooling investors who believed the inflated profits. Distributors of Coca-Cola products in the U.S sued the company in early 2006, after the company started using delivery agents to supply its products to warehouses. This move according to the distributors was against antitrust laws, and Coca-Cola had to find a way to settle this dispute. In Colombia, accusations surfaced between 2001 and 2004 that Coca-Cola had been intimidating its employees since 1989. Statistics showed that eight w orkers had died, 48 forced into hiding, and 65 issued with death threats in the Colombian bottling plant. The workers union sought compensation for the affected families, although Coca-Cola maintains that these allegations were unfounded. In India, the Coca-Cola subsidiary was accused of using contaminated ground water to make soft drinks, resulting in excess levels of pesticides in these drinks. In addition to this,

Asher Farms Essay Example for Free

Asher Farms Essay Political – In class the major political topic that we focused on was possible affects on the industry if immigration laws became stricter. This industry is highly dependent on cheap labor. If all of a sudden there were not enough workers in the industry there would not be enough chicken available to meet the demand. Economic – Evident from the case, the chicken market is heavily influenced by currency fluctuation. This is because 15% of the total poultry production is exported and therefore changes in the price of the dollar can make chicken much more expensive in other countries or it can have a reverse effect. Social – Over the past couple of decades there has clearly been a shift in the amount of different types of meat products that are consumed. Those who watch their what they eat are more likely to eat chicken for the high protein benefits and minimizing some of the harmful affects of red meat. Technological – There had been a strong push for more efficient technology to be produced in this industry. The technology developments range from the machinery that does some of the work to new genetic engineering of the food that the chickens eat. These advancements allowed for the growth of the chicken industry without and slowdowns. Legal – Animal rights advocates have had major impacts on the ways that chickens can be processed. The conditions that the chickens live in could cause some legal problems in the future in different animal rights groups wanted to make changes. Environmental – Spread of disease always seems to be a major concern in the food industry. Contamination is very possible and could potentially cause huge problems. The FDA would like to minimize the possible affects of any type disease from spreading such as salmonella or other bacteria’s that are harmful. I feel that all of the business risks identified in question 1, the PESTLE acronym, all have the same potential to impact the risk of material misstatements on the financial statements. These business risks would all put revenue, cost of goods sold, wage expenses, and certain discloses at risk for being misstated. This would require more substantive tests to provide more reliable evidence that the financial statements are correctly stated. Obtaining knowledge about the client’s industry helps to highlight practices unique to that industry that may have an effect on the client’s financial statements. The auditor should obtain knowledge relating to the client’s business before commencing the audit. Understanding the client’s business provides information regarding events and transactions that may affect the client’s financial statements. Just like an auditor is not responsible to provide absolute assurance that the financial statements are correct, an auditory does not have the responsibility to identify or assess all business risks because it would be not efficient, timely, or costly to do so. As discussed in question 1, some examples of business risks that should be considered include; immigration concerns, currency fluctuation, health changes, technological development, and the spread of disease. An example of a business risk that might not lead to a risk of material misstatement in the financial statements that we discussed in class was opening new locations and growing the business.

Investigate the Effect of Moisture Content on Wheat Grain Seeds Respiration Rate :: GCSE Biology A2 A-Level Coursework

Investigate the Effect of Moisture Content on Wheat Grain Seed's Respiration Rate HYPOTHESIS: There will be a positive correlation between moisture content of wheat grains and their respiration rate. Therefore as the moisture content (independent variable) increases so will the respiration rate (dependent variable). The rationale behind the hypothesis came from studying photosynthesis in plants. During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the photolysis of water (H2O) occurs inside photosystem II. The products of photolysis combine with NADP from photosystem I, to form reduced NADP. This reduced NADP passes to the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, where it is utilised to make triose phosphate from glycerate 3 phosphate. Without water, photolysis would not occur and therefore the light-dependent and light-independent reactions would not take place at all. Therefore I would predict that the higher moisture content of wheat grain seeds the higher the respiration rate will be, this is because the seeds will be able to utilise more water than a wheat grain seed with low moisture content. VARIABLES: The independent variable used in this experiment is going to be moisture content, and the dependent variable will be the respiration rate. The other variables; temperature, air pressure and air will be kept at fairly constant levels. Carrying out the experiment inside a fume cupboard will help achieve in keeping these variables to remain constant. However another variable sunlight cannot be controlled during this experiment, and will obviously vary during the experiment. The possibility of using a standard light bulb to keep light levels constant was considered, but was rejected due to safety fears e.g. overheating when the experiment was not being monitored during the time between readings. BACKGROUNG KNOWLEDGE: Deterioration of stored grain seeds is an important economic problem in agriculture, therefore it is important to find out the most suitable conditions for stored grain seeds to be maintained in. For this experiment wheat grain has been chosen, this is because it is widely cultivated around the world e.g. the Mediterranean and West Asia, and is used to make flour and pasta. This means wheat is a staple crop throughout the world, and its storage is essential. To store grain effectively it is important to stop germination from occurring at all. Germination is the onset of growth of the embryo in a seed, this usually happens after a period of dormancy. Dormancy is the state where germination will not occur, even if environmental conditions are favourable. This is often an advantage for seeds, as it allows germination to occur in a more favourable season. In the case of wheat seeds they need several weeks or months of prechilling before the will actually germinate.

Board Resolution Sample

B and B Communications Philippines Incorporated RESOLUTION NO: ____, S-2012 A resolution to open a Current Account with the SECURITY BANK, CUBAO BRANCH was placed before the Board for conducting its day-to-day financial transactions. After discussions, the Board unanimously: WHEREAS, B AND B COMMUNICATIONS PHILIPPINES INCORPORATED is a company duly organized and existing in accordance with law, rules and regulations with postal address at ____________________________________________________ Barangay __________________ District _____________, _____________ City;WHEREAS; the said Bank be instructed to accept and act upon any instructions relating to the account kept in the name of the Company or relating to any transactions of the Company with the Bank, provided the instructions are signed by the authorized signatory(ies) of the Company in the manner mentioned as above. WHEREAS; the said Bank be instructed to accept receipts for money, deeds, securities or other documents or papers or property or any indemnities given on behalf of the Company provided they are signed by the authorized signatory(ies) of the Company in the manner as mentioned above.WHEREAS; the bank be furnished with a list of the names of Directors of the Company and a copy of the Memorandum & Articles of Association and be from time to time informed by notice in writing under the hand of the Directors/Authorized Signatory of the Company of any changes which may take place therein and be entitled to act upon any such notice until the receipt of further notice under the hand of any Directors / Authorized Signatory. WHEREAS; the resolution be communicated to the Bank and remain in force until duly rescinded and notice thereof in writing be given to the Bank by ny of the Directors of the Company. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE B AND B COMMUNICATIONS PHILIPPINES INCORPORATED During its last regular meeting to authorize as it hereby authorizes the opening of Current Account of the company with t he SECURITY BANK CUBAO BRANCH. â€Å"RESOLVED FURTHER THAT the aforesaid power entrusted to the following official shall be valid and effective unless revoked earlier by the Board or shall be exercisable by them so long as they are in the concerned to the Company. †Name of Principal RepresentativePositionAddressContact No. Henry HinatePresidentAntipolo City09333398883 Name of Alternate RepresentativePositionAddressContact No. John Lesther MercaderVice PresidentQuezon City09165948435 For Operations â€Å"RESOLVED FURTHER THAT all acts, deeds, things, matters, etc. as foretasted shall be deemed to be valid and enforceable only if they are consistent with the instant resolution as may be relevant in this case and that the Board shall not be responsible for any acts beyond the scope of the foretasted powers done by Mr.Henry Hinate / Mr. John Lesther Mercader and such invalid, illegal acts, and acts done beyond the scope of powers granted in this Resolution shall not bind the Com pany against any third parties or before any authorities in any manner and that the Board shall not be answerable in that behalf. † â€Å"RESOLVED FURTHER THAT a certified copy of the resolution be given to anyone concerned or interested in the matter. † ADOPTED NOVEMBER , 2012 Mr Henry Hinate Board Chairperson/ PresidentMr, John Lesther Mercader Executive Vice President for Operations Board of Directors Ms. Jeane BetitoMr. Rogelio ReyesMr. Ed CunananMs. Jenny Amador Secretary CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the foregoing resolution was approved on _______________, 2012 by the majority of the members of the Board of Directors and Members of the Organization present in a meeting Called for the purpose, there being a quorum. Done in Quezon City, this _________________, 2012 MS. JEANE BETITO SECRETARY

Journal Outline

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVERTISING DESIGN PROCESS JOURNALS (BDG56160) 1. 0DESIGN JOURNAL MANDATORIES A design journal is meant to show your learning progress and development as a Graphic Designer/Art Director. It is YOUR journal, so it should reflect who you are when people read your journal. ? A4/A3 in size. DO NOT use a readily bound black sketchbook. Compile and print all your notes, research and etc on loose A4 paper. Bind your journal with the standard black comb binding l. Create dividers to categorize the different sections of your journal. Example : Class notes, personal research, the different assignments, appendix, referencing and etc (according to the contents and what you have). ? A design for the cover of the journal including your particulars (name, student ID, class and etc). The cover must include a masthead bearing the words â€Å"Advertising Design Journal† ? Must be typed and printed with a margin of at least 1inch on all sides of the document.CHECKLISTS These are the things that must be included in your Advertising Design Journal ? Weekly Self Reflective: What have you learnt for this week? Not just for this module but also for the other modules you are taking and also what you’ve learnt personally outside of the campus. Do include constructive feedbacks, comments, suggestions and other engaging thoughts on how to improve yourself, reflections and developments of that particular week. Must be done every week. Class Notes : Include all your class notes and handouts here. ? Class Exercises & Homework: Include all given class exercises and homework here. ? The Assignments (in different sections): Include all sketches, mind maps, research, rationale, appendices, test prints, printouts, referencing and etc. ? Personal Research: Include all personal research, cut out from magazines, postcards, designs, innovations, articles, book reviews and etc which help improve your skills as a Graphic Designer in this category.This proves that you are doing your own personal research and development which complements your overall performance in terms of participation. All research included must be HIGHLIGHTED or UNDERLINED. Write your comments and feedback at the right side margins of the pages. DO NOT submit researches without any proof of study. ? Referencing: Include the references for all your research here. Please abide to the Har vard Referencing. c(an use this generator http://www. harvardgenerator. com or /http://libweb. anglia. ac. uk/referencing/harvard. htm for more information)

Essay on How to warm up your voice

Essay on How to warm up your voice Essay on How to warm up your voice How to Warm Up Your Voice Singing is often one of our favorite things to do. We often sing in the shower or in the car on the way to work and sometimes while cooking dinner, or maybe even when we have head phones in our ears listening to our IPod’s and Mp3 players. What most people don’t know is if you are not careful you could damage your vocal folds and chords while singing if you are not properly warmed up before hand. In order to properly warm up your voice you should find a piano, find middle c, and try and match the sound the piano is making, and then find a vowel that is easiest for you and try and produce a sound on a line. When warming up your voice, you first want to find out what pitch to start on. So to find this information out you would go to a piano and play a note preferably in the middle of the piano on what is called â€Å"middle c†. Middle C is located usually on the left side of the brand name of the piano. It is the white key right beside the three black keys. Usually if you are a female you should start on middle c, but if you are a male, you would probably want to start on the c below that. This key would be eight white keys down from middle c. Being a female or a male starting on a c should be natural for your voice. What you want to do is play the key and try and hum a sound and see if it sounds like the same sound as the piano made. If this note is to low or is too high just move down a white key or up a white key. When you find the key that your voice matches is when you know you have correctly found your pitch. Okay now that you have found your pitch, you have successfully achieved the biggest step of all. Now you get to experience the fun part, warming up.

Christian Ethics Essay Sample

Christian Ethics Essay Sample Christian Ethics Essay In our day to day activities, we always strive to meet and satisfy our needs and wants. To many, our opinions come fast but to others, it’s vice versa. Many people fear being judged by the society at large due to their prestige while others care less about what people say about them. Every society has its standards and acting against such often warrants ridicule. What people fail to realize is that harsh judgment in the society can lead to dire casualties such as loss of lives due to depression and peer pressure. That said, people also ought to live lives that are purposeful to them since the society is not responsible for what happens to them. Biblically, we ought to live a life that is pleasing to God more so since He is the giver of life. In a Christian perception, moral principles can help us greatly in living such a life. Unambiguously, Christian ethics helps a lot in trying to solve our life situations. The Bible is also an important entity which is a key in helping us to grow morally. Utter use of the moral values found in the Bible helps a lot in sorting out our life issues. The Bible states that faith without action is dead. We ought to show God that we have faith in Him and that we trust Him with our lives. Mere practice of showing that you have faith is not that pleasing in the eyes of God but one ought to practice the morals being communicated. Violence erupts in many societies but it is our key responsibility to ensure that peace prevails. We must fight against all odds to live together in harmony. We should always be willing to offer a listening heart to our fellow society members. The Bible teaches us to always treat our neighbors how we expect them to treat us. We should also love our neighbors as much as we love ourselves, but majorly we should love God most. Such a command is quite influential especially to Christians who are, therefore, expected to love and put others before them. Many people do not know what the word of God says. Christians should share the word of God with those who have lost hope in life, those who lead a life that is not pleasing to God and those who choose to be pressured by the pleasures of the world. Ethically, God is pleased when His word is spread all over and more souls come to Him. Introducing new souls to the church also helps in making them understand the word much better. Abiding by the church laws morally is also a major virtue of Christian ethics. By winning souls for God, Christians learn to be servants which is also a command and one of the moral principles of being a Christian. Christians are also expected to abstain from drugs or any other thing that may tempt them to act in evil. The abuse of drugs and falling into temptations does lead to major casualties. The Bible calls our bodies are the temples of the Holy Spirit. Using drugs interferes with our being pure and as Christians we ought to teach ourselves and others to practice self control. Abstaining from drugs and temptations makes us not sin before God. At times it is hard to do so but through consistent prayers, we can ask God to step in and give u strength to overcome the temptation to sin. Knowledge of the scripture is an important virtue of Christian ethics. People are usually undecided on whether what they are doing is right or wrong. Some people end up doing the wrong thing due to lack of knowledge of what is expected. However, Christians need to immerse themselves deeply in the Bible and understand what God expects of them. In conclusion, Christian ethics is relevant today because it fills a void that no material moral system can manage to fill satisfactorily. Christian ethics helps us learn how important is God and how important are His word and His creations.

Converting Fractions to Decimals - free worksheets.

Converting Fractions to Decimals - free worksheets. All worksheets are in PDF. Remember, look at the fraction bar as a divided by bar. For instance 1/2 means the same as 1 divided by 2 which equals 0.5. Or 3/5 is 3 divided by 5 which equals 0.6. Thats all you need to know to convert the following worksheets on fractions to decimals! Converting fractions to decimals is a common concept that is often taught in the fifth and sixth grades in most educational jurisdictions. Students should have plenty of exposure to concrete manipulatives prior to complete pencil paper tasks. For instance, work with fraction bars and circles to ensure a deep understanding is in place. 1. Worksheet 1Answers 2. Worksheet 2Answers 3. Worksheet 3Answers 4. Worksheet 4Answers 5. Worksheet 5Answers 6. Worksheet 6Answers Although calculators will do the conversion simply and quickly, it is still important for students to understand the concept in order to use the calculator. After all, you cant use a calculator if you dont know which numbers or operations to key in.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Accounting - Assignment Example The company Gulf Craft is engaged in the production and export of sea based vessels such as ships and speed boards. Their fixed cost includes rent for factory and building and salaries paid to staff members who take care of the maintenance of their buildings. Their variable cost comprises of materials used for manufacturing of boats such as cloth and riggings. Their mixed costs includes the cost of transportation that varies depending on the amount of miles that the product needs to be moved and the cost of commission that is paid to middlemen for helping the company sell their products. The company Evian is involved in the production and sale of bottled water. Their fixed cost includes the salaries paid to those who maintain the bottling plants as well as salaries paid to individuals working in finance department. Variable cost includes cost of obtaining or producing more bottles and labels for these bottled with changes in production. Mixed cost includes minimum plus extra money paid for utilization of electricity and cost of commissions paid to employees who are paid a basic minimum salary and commission for their sales. The company named Ircon International Limited is indulged in the activity of engineering as well as constructing the infrastructure and the company specializes in developing transport based infrastructure. The fixed cost of the company includes salaries paid to permanent employees such as employees of human resource department and rents that the company pays to the owner of its offices. The variable costs include the cost of raw materials used in construction such as steel and concrete. The mixed costs include the salaries that the company pays to consultant if consultants are paid on the basis of minimum wage plus consultancy fee paid per hour. The second mixed cost may include the equipment is obtains on rental basis for construction if the equipment owners are paid on the basis of basic fee as

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Analysis - Case Study Example From the first analysis and using the x-factor tool given to evaluate different possibilities it is observed that when the sales is at 422,733 million, the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% million , the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% million , the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% million. On the other hand, the cost of goods sold is directly affected at 38% to be 160,639 million. For a business to operate there are operating expenses that always has to be incurred. These include rent, internet, transport, flights, advertising, airtime among other things. These factors are consolidated into operating expenses which in this scenario is directly affected by sales at 50% meaning that half of the operating expenses are geared towards sales. As the sensitivity analysis tool suggest, when cost of goods sold is 35% of sales, the company runs into a profit of 28,787million but when the cost of goods sold is at 45% of sales the company runs into a debt of 2102 million. This happens since the company is having a lot of spending to increase sales. The breaking point ratio is at 44% of sales since no debt is made and the company has 987 excess cash for the company. Therefore the company should at least invest 200 million to offset this change. One of the assumptions made in this analysis is that interest expense is directly affected by the debt the company has. The second assumption is that the debt majorly consists of loan i.e. both long term and short term loans. Another assumption is that sales do not vary at this point and that incase it does, the effect is insignificant. In addition the current assets are also deemed a factor that affects debt and excess income in the company. There is also an assumption that total assets less total liability will give a balancing figure which will either result to a debt or an income. Moreover, we

Any topic concerning US or World economy(within the past month to Article - 1

Any topic concerning US or World economy(within the past month to date) using an WSJ , web or any newspaper - Article Example Allowing religious services on schools would identify schools with Christianity which is usually practiced on Sundays. In 1995, the city was sued by the Bronx Household of Faith for the policy, arguing for the protection of religious freedom that was supposedly violated by the prevailing policy. While the church generally holds services in the Public School 15 on the Bronx, it has constructed a new community space for worshipping in the vicinity. In 1998,the church lost the lawsuit but won space inside the school temporarily on the year 2002 when the city was stopped from enforcing the ban by a federal judge. The church win in the District Court in 2012, but the decision was overruled by the Second Circuit. Despite the fact that the mayors decision is against the schools Chancellors previous public statements, many people approve of the mayors decision as it gives more freedom to the religious organizations in the

Disaster Plan Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Plan Assignment - Research Paper Example The stress test examines the stability of the system on while handling many simultaneous functions and processes. Stress testing is far beyond normal operations as it can be categorized in to application stress testing and hardware stress testing. The strict security measures, both in terms of physical and software security. Biometric identification system and encryption techniques can be implemented to minimize database security. Moreover, the third step would be to replicate the core services that are running on a specific server or workstation. This will facilitate the employees to entertain the patients, whenever a primary server goes down. Plans and Changes In order to minimize system failure for future, risk analysis is required that will identify all the critical systems on the network. It will also demonstrate the factors that may disrupt the critical system on the network. Moreover, it also includes the implementation of adequate controls in order to prevent system failures. Daily backups are required on daily basis and a mechanism is required that will check the integrity of the backup at the same time, if the backup is corrupt, new backup can be requested at the same time. It is essential to prevent the backup database also by applying adequate security measures, as database contents are highly classified. In case of a natural disaster, data must be relocated on a separate data center situated far away geographically. Furthermore, to eliminate power issues, ‘PoE’ can be implemented to minimize electric outage as it contains its own separate electric channel for the workstation and network devices. Root Cause Analysis The major impact that contributed to the system failure problem is the instability of Tech Med system as well as the application that creates database backup. However, primary source of power was restored instantly and replaced by the secondary link. The impact of Tech Med system resulted in halting all the operations associ ated with Jones Regional Medical Center (JRMC). Moreover, the impact of corrupt database backup resulted in a major halt in system operations of the medical center. Manual entries were conducted, as full database recovery is required from journal articles to transactions. Likewise, when the system is not operational, the staff at the medical center has noted all the operational processes manually so that they can be entered, when the system becomes operational. Disaster Recovery Plan The disaster recovery plan covering all the issues and counter measures is demonstrated below (Sandhu, 2002): Threats Counter Measures Power Failure Alternate power distribution link Database Failure Backing up data on 3 different locations at the same time by disk mirroring, ciphering, DLT or manual backup on daily basis. System Failure Alternate system to replace the affected system Theft Lock Cabinets IP cameras, biometric fingerprint identification, Vandalism Hard steel box for Servers and Databases Flood Relocating or replicating the network room Create a duplicate or replica of crucial data servers that are geographically located away Fire water sprinklers, Fire extinguishers Earthquake Relocating data with data centers that are geographically located away Determining the Amount The initial step is to identity the information assets on the network along with the services associated with it. The next

What role did colonial trade play in the development of London Essay

What role did colonial trade play in the development of London - Essay Example Britain is known to have colonized some of the world’s biggest economies and nations including America, Australia and most parts of Africa. Out of this, Britain gained total economic and political control over most countries who served as British colonies. By and large, these countries invested heavily into the entire development of Britain – particular London. This essay is thus dedicated to scrutinizing some of the major means by which London’s development was affected: positively and negatively by the colonial trade. How the early profits from the slave trade developed the industrial revolution It has remained common knowledge and taught throughout British schools that â€Å"during the 1800s the Industrial Revolution spread throughout Britain.† ... unskilled slaves were not on regular salary taken by unskilled British, they were also made to work overtime in most of the times that they were called to duty. The second way that the slaves were used by the industries is that they were given rapid training to take up ‘semi-skilled’ tasks. These semi-skilled tasks were not typically bookish but had to do with supervision over unskilled labourers. As discussed earlier, these slaves were not taking normal salary and as such saved the industries a lot of expenditure. Again, the slaves were made to work far beyond normal working hours and thus improved productivity. The improvement in productivity that was recorded in most industries saw London and Britain record major industrial growth. This eventually brought about what came to be known as industrial revolution, which was a major turning point in London’s development. East and West India Company, their business dealings and profits The East and West India Company w ere seen as the backbone of London’s development in the colonial days. Surprisingly, the company still plays very vital role in the economy of London and the world at large. As noted by The East India Company (2011), â€Å"without The Company our world would not be as it is today.† This is not a mere publicity talk when discussion is being made of companies, whose dealings and profits indeed were visible in the transformation of London’s economy and entire development. As a company that received the recognition of the Queen of England through the Royal Charter, much was expected from the company right from the unset. Hopefully and true to expectation, the company’s dealings and general business structure ensured that the company recorded major trade gains and initiations such as the establishment of

Disaster Plan Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Plan Assignment - Research Paper Example The stress test examines the stability of the system on while handling many simultaneous functions and processes. Stress testing is far beyond normal operations as it can be categorized in to application stress testing and hardware stress testing. The strict security measures, both in terms of physical and software security. Biometric identification system and encryption techniques can be implemented to minimize database security. Moreover, the third step would be to replicate the core services that are running on a specific server or workstation. This will facilitate the employees to entertain the patients, whenever a primary server goes down. Plans and Changes In order to minimize system failure for future, risk analysis is required that will identify all the critical systems on the network. It will also demonstrate the factors that may disrupt the critical system on the network. Moreover, it also includes the implementation of adequate controls in order to prevent system failures. Daily backups are required on daily basis and a mechanism is required that will check the integrity of the backup at the same time, if the backup is corrupt, new backup can be requested at the same time. It is essential to prevent the backup database also by applying adequate security measures, as database contents are highly classified. In case of a natural disaster, data must be relocated on a separate data center situated far away geographically. Furthermore, to eliminate power issues, ‘PoE’ can be implemented to minimize electric outage as it contains its own separate electric channel for the workstation and network devices. Root Cause Analysis The major impact that contributed to the system failure problem is the instability of Tech Med system as well as the application that creates database backup. However, primary source of power was restored instantly and replaced by the secondary link. The impact of Tech Med system resulted in halting all the operations associ ated with Jones Regional Medical Center (JRMC). Moreover, the impact of corrupt database backup resulted in a major halt in system operations of the medical center. Manual entries were conducted, as full database recovery is required from journal articles to transactions. Likewise, when the system is not operational, the staff at the medical center has noted all the operational processes manually so that they can be entered, when the system becomes operational. Disaster Recovery Plan The disaster recovery plan covering all the issues and counter measures is demonstrated below (Sandhu, 2002): Threats Counter Measures Power Failure Alternate power distribution link Database Failure Backing up data on 3 different locations at the same time by disk mirroring, ciphering, DLT or manual backup on daily basis. System Failure Alternate system to replace the affected system Theft Lock Cabinets IP cameras, biometric fingerprint identification, Vandalism Hard steel box for Servers and Databases Flood Relocating or replicating the network room Create a duplicate or replica of crucial data servers that are geographically located away Fire water sprinklers, Fire extinguishers Earthquake Relocating data with data centers that are geographically located away Determining the Amount The initial step is to identity the information assets on the network along with the services associated with it. The next

Prevention and Management of Infection among Burn Patients Research Paper

Prevention and Management of Infection among Burn Patients - Research Paper Example In recent years, the survival rates and the infection rates for infection among burn patients have improved with the introduction of modern medical practices.   These medical practices now include advances in fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, pulmonary care, burn wound care, and infection control (Church, et.al., 2006).   Despite these improvements, there are still improvements which can be made to the practice.   The intact skin is important to the preservation of the body’s homeostasis and thermoregulation; it also is the most appropriate and crucial means of protecting a person against infection (Church, et.al., 2006).   The skin also has immunological, neurosensory, as well as metabolic functions for the body.   Burn injuries cause a break in the surface of the skin and destabilize these functions.   It is therefore important to prevent infections among burn patients (Church, et.al., 2006).   There are various preventive and management processes for i nfection control among burn injury patients.   It is the task of nurses and other health practitioners to ensure that the processes and interventions being applied are based on the best evidence and are set to bring about the most improvement on the patients.   Literature review  This literature review on the prevention and management of infection among burn patients will be started by using key words and related terms through the medical libraries and database of the Texas Resource’s.... Despite these improvements, there are still improvements which can be made to the practice. The intact skin is important to the preservation of the body’s homeostasis and thermoregulation; it also is the most appropriate and crucial means of protecting a person against infection (Church, et.al., 2006). The skin also has immunological, neurosensory, as well as metabolic functions for the body. Burn injuries cause a break in the surface of the skin and destabilize these functions. It is therefore important to prevent infections among burn patients (Church, et.al., 2006). There are various preventive and management processes for infection control among burn injury patients. It is the task of nurses and other health practitioners to ensure that the processes and interventions being applied are based on the best evidence and are set to bring about the most improvement on the patients. Literature review This literature review on the prevention and management of infection among burn patients will be started by using key words and related terms through the medical libraries and database of the Texas Resource’s Harris Methodist Hospital, and via internet databases of the Mayo Clinic, Texas Women’s University, as well as the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. The search would include a review of the databases: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Mayo Clinic, Science Direct, and OVID. The search shall mostly focus on burns and infection prevention measures among these patients. In order to ensure the comprehensive nature of this review, this literature review would call for the use of key and search words which include the following or a combination of the following: burn infection, burns infection prevention, burn infection management, burns infection

Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for OCD Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for OCD Essay The cognitive approach assumes that OCD is a consequence of faulty and irrational ways of thinking taken to an extreme. Patients with OCD have different thinking patterns and more intrusive thoughts. The cognitive explanation stresses that everyone has unwanted thoughts from time to time, but OCD sufferers cannot ignore these thoughts and they are often misinterpreted, leading to self-blame and the obsessive symptoms of OCD. So that the negative thoughts and concerns associated with a particular anxiety do not come to pass, compulsions arise in an attempt to ‘neutralise’ the anxiety. The sufferer becomes more wary of having intrusive thoughts and their fear of them increases. As these ideas are constantly thought about, they become obsessive and a pattern of ritualistic, repetitive behaviour begins. A strength of this theory is that there is supporting evidence. For example, Wegner found that a group of students asked not to think of a white bear were more likely to do so than a group allowed to think about it. Salkoius found that when asking participants to suppress thoughts and on other days not to, the participants kept a diary of more intrusive thoughts when they had to be suppressed these findings support the idea that a deliberate attempt to suppress thoughts leads to an increase in these thoughts; supporting the main ideas of the approach. This is a strength because the two studies have found similar findings and are therefore externally reliable. This makes the cognitive approach reliable as a whole because it can be checked and verified and the theory has sound foundations for further research. However, a weakness of this theory is that there are problems with the evidence. For example, Salkoius used self-report methodologies in order to measure the thoughts of the participants. This means that the results may have been subjected to social desirability bias. For example, the amount of intrusive thoughts may not have all been recorded in the diaries in order to please the experimenter; they may not want them to know how bad their symptoms are due to feelings of embarrassment. This is an issue because it means the study lacks internal validity; the intrusive thoughts in the diary are not caused solely by supressing them, but there are other extraneous variables such as embarrassment. We therefore cannot prove cause and effect to show that suppressing thoughts lead to symptoms in OCD, so there are other factors the cognitive approach needs to consider in order to offer a causal explanation. However, although there are issues with self-report methodologies, they can provide a greater insight into the participant’s thoughts and a greater level of detail. They are allowing the participants to describe their own experiences rather than inferring this from observing participants. It therefore provides access to a high level of quantitative data.

Channel Tunnel Construction: Project Management

Channel Tunnel Construction: Project Management The Channel Tunnel is considered to be the largest private sector infrastructure project of the twentieth century. It is a fixed link transportation system comprising twin rail tunnels with an additional service tunnel each 50.5 kilometres in length. These run below the English Channel connecting England and France. The terminals can be found in Folkstone in the UK and Coquelles, near Calais in France. In 1986, a treaty of Canterbury was signed establishing the political framework for the project. This addressed issues such as jurisdiction, national boundaries and governmental involvement, consequently defining the role of the Intergovernmental Commission (IGC) and Safety Authority. In the same year, the Concession Agreement was awarded to Eurotunnel (ET), a bi-national company formed by the Channel Tunnel Group (UK) and France Manche S.A. (France) for 65 years. Eurotunnel subsequently became owner and operator of the project and awarded the construction contract to Transmanche Link (TML) for the tunnels design, construction, testing and commissioning. ET also became linked to the banks via a loan agreement and to national railways via a usage agreement. The scope of the project entailed the development of a system to accommodate the transfer of regular traffic through airport-sized terminals onto an entirely new rail system with minimum transit time and shuttles travelling at high speeds with high capacity in a confined tunnel environment. This therefore defined the technology to be used, since a high integration was required between works and specific transport equipment, an unprecedented rolling stock which included the heaviest traffic on rails, and the largest real-time data system ever employed to manage shuttles travelling at high speeds. Project Roles and Responsibilities Project Sponsor As the project was privately funded, the sponsor had to raise finance on an unprecedented scale through bank loans and equity while making shares available to the public. The loan was secured through a consortium of 203 banks worldwide. An increase in finance during the course of the project was necessary to accommodate for the previously unconsidered needs of the IGC and for safety and environmental concerns as well as the approval of changes made to the project plan by the manager to address the commissions concerns and the degree of fast-tracking between the several phases of the projects. Contractual issues had to be resolved during the course of the project, with a revised agreement to that made with TML in 1987 being drawn up. As installation of equipment progressed, the concern shifted to the training of personnel for the operation of the transport system. Maintaining communication between both sides of the tunnel was also crucial in achieving project success. Project Manager The project managers principal responsibility was to plan and organise the project effectively to meet the sponsors design and construction specifications while adhering to cost and time constraints. During the construction phase, the project manager had to appoint sub-contractors for various stages of the project, with fixed-price contracts issued to reduce costs. Other duties included the modification of the project plan to accommodate for changes in the original design necessitated by pressures from the Intergovernmental Commission and accounting for safety and environmental concerns. The project manager also had to ensure that there was effective communication between the French and the English sides of the tunnel construction. Project Timeline Commissioning Jan 1990 total tunnel bored reached 50km Dec 1986 Geotechnical study of Shakespeare Cliff carried out. Cross channel surveys developed for the 1974-1975 tunnel project were refined using the latest satellite observations Nov. 1987 Funds arranged totalling  £5 billion Oct 1990 Eurotunnel Signs agreement for  £1.8 billion additional bank credit facilities June 1992 The installation of complex signalling, control and communication system begins. Nov 1993 Commissioning Program Begins August 1987 Construction work begins on both UK (Shakespeare Cliff) and French (Sangatte) sides of the channel Figure 1: Fast-track programme for Channel Tunnel [Event dates obtained from Wilson Spark (1994)] Original Project Objectives The fundamental objective of the tunnel was to offer a comfortable, fast, frequent and reliable transportation service that linked the United Kingdom to France via the English Channel. ET suggested that that two rail tunnels and a service tunnel be constructed. The service tunnel was to be fitted with safety and electronic equipment of the highest standard while the rail tunnels were to be designed to accommodate shuttle speeds between 100 to 160 km/h with an average journey time of three hours between London and Paris. The project was initially scheduled for opening on the 15 May, 1993. This meant that the time taken between design consideration and completion of the project was set at seven years. Since Eurotunnel could not start earning revenues until the tunnel became operational, schedule overruns were linked directly to loss of revenue, and were considered a more damaging consequence than direct cost increases. Based on the conceptual design, the budget was estimated at  £5 billion. It can therefore be observed that the quality of the system was of greatest importance in this project. A compromise was necessary between the desired quality and the time taken to achieve this quality, since as the time increased, so did the costs (in the form of lost revenue). Figure 2 indicates the time-cost-quality relationship for the Channel Tunnel project. The red dot represents the relative importance of quality with respect to time. Project Strategy The scale of design was massive and consequently broken into several smaller projects that ran simultaneously to achieve the overall objectives. Realistic time estimates for the project were obtained from detailed schedule planning during the inception phase of the project. This included activity definition, activity sequencing, and activity duration to develop a baseline project schedule. During the course of the project, monitoring and re-evaluation of the time estimates were performed by the implementation of a hierarchical planning/control system. This allowed overall strategic planning, proper reporting to management and detailed logging of day-to-day activities using a computerized reporting system to monitor the progress on all aspects of the project. According to the Channel Tunnel Treaty, Eurotunnel had to obtain funding for the project from private sources, without government aid or loan guarantees. Hence, financing was obtained through equity and loan capital markets. The Intergovernmental Commission (IGC) was put into place to ensure the quality objectives were achieved. This included implementation of a Safety Authority which was responsible for monitoring and specifying design procedures, specifications, construction and issues related to the environment, operation and safety. Since the project was bi-national in nature, the IGC mandated that if there were differences in the standards of the two countries, the higher of the two should prevail. The Quality Management plan included quality planning, quality assurance and quality control. Contracts played an essential role in defining the scope of work, cost, timeline and rules of engagement (or penalties). Contract Strategy During the conceptual design phase, Eurotunnel contracted TML for the construction of the tunnel. The contract agreements were based on estimated costs since at this stage of the project, detailed design was incomplete and hence, fixed prices were not available. Based on the estimated costs, the contract had three facets: Lump sum works for the construction of terminals and installation of mechanical and electrical equipment in both tunnels and terminals. Target works, for all tunnelling and related equipment such as the tunnel boring machines. The arrangement was that if the actual cost was less than the target cost at completion, the contractor will receive 50% of the savings, while if the actual cost exceeded the target cost, the contractor was required to pay 30% of the excess, up to a maximum of 6% of the target cost. Procurement items for the rolling stock and its associated equipment on a cost reimbursement basis with a procurement fee. Project Manager Type and Style ET comprised mainly of banks and contractors. Throughout the project, ET was largely criticised for its approach to design and management. This resulted in failure to deliver the project according to the sponsors time, cost and quality objectives. Additionally, since ETs organisation was bi-national, a sole project manager could not be identified. Organisational Structure Eurotunnels organisational structure can be described as functional, but its two board system made it unique. This is depicted in Figure 3 below. Figure 3: Eurotunnel Management Structure: Joint-Board System (adapted from Stannard (1990)) / In retrospect with the original project objectives, the Tunnel was not opened until 6 May 1994 at a cost of approximately  £12 billion. Additionally, original specifications for the rail system and tunnel quality were revised in order to keep costs down. Many reports have analysed the Channel Tunnel project in an effort to determine what went wrong in such a massive construction venture. From its inception, it was plagued by financial and technical woes, blown schedules and highly public battles between the company managing the project, ET, and its contractors, TML. One of the factors responsible for the cost overruns stem from the short time allocated for bidders to place their proposal for the project in the inception phase. Due to time constraints only a conceptual design was presented and priced. All detail design was to be completed during the construction phase after the bid was won (an example of fast-tracking in the program). Consequently, a number of design problems were not identified from the onset of the project and no provisions were made for them in ETs initial cost estimates. A typical example of this was the need for air-conditioning in the tunnel, and therefore, an additional  £200 million to accommodate this new design aspect. Later on, this lead to disputes between ET and TML about who was responsible for these cost overruns. Another important factor to consider was the poor communication between the British and French teams, in addition to ET and TML. Project communications was an important aspect in project planning, especially for a project of this magnitude. The multi-national team of approximately 15,000 persons included the politicians, governmental workers, bankers, lawyers and analysts who were responsible for obtaining an approved proposal plan and financing, and the construction workers, machinists and engineers who were responsible for the actual implementation of the project. With a task force of this size, an executional communication plan was necessary to address horizontal and vertical communication channels. An analysis of the Risk Management revealed that focus was on engineering risk as compared to process and approval risk, such as IGC safety decisions and approval, while the business risk was addressed via contractual agreements. During the project life, several key members of the ET team resigned and TMLs management also underwent significant change. Strategies were adjusted given the depreciating status of the project. Organisations involved such as the banks, Safety Authority, environmental issues, local authority and public opinion interfered strongly and permanently in this project that was constantly under media scrutiny. The Channel Tunnel was able to withstand all these delays and cost overruns principally because of its highly robust future income stream.

My Educational Philosophy :: My Philosophy of Education

My Educational Philosophy Most people would say that what prompted them to become a teacher was a teacher that they had connected with and inspired them. I never really had this opportunity of aspiring to be like someone who has impacted my life. I never had a teacher that stood out to me or really tried to connect with me. Therefore, I suppose my explanation to want become a teacher is quite the opposite of the typical explanation. I don’t want to become like any of the teachers I had throughout my elementary and high school career; I want to be the opposite. I want to make sure children in future generations have someone to write about when they are writing a paper such as this one. When someone asks them, â€Å"What drove you to keep trying?† or, â€Å"What helped you succeed in school?† I want them to be able to say, â€Å"My teacher believed in me, that’s what.† I want my students to know that they can do anything. From assuring them that they can do better on the test, to helping them discover themselves and grow into confident, thriving members of society. I believe that students must first gain knowledge and then apply it. I will help them use their knowledge by giving them activities that coincide with the curriculum I am teaching them. I believe that students learn best by being engaged in real-world activities and should be active in the learning process. I hope that my classroom will be a place where my students and I can learn from each other and teach each other. I hope to learn from my students as they learn from me. My curriculum will be based on the necessity of the student. If a student needs or wants to learn something, I will teach it to him or her. My curriculum will consist of individual evaluation. I will adjust the way I teach to the way the students in my classroom learn. I believe that most students naturally want to learn and experience new things. Curiosity is a natural human characteristic. Students who want to learn want to be involved in their learning. This is why teachers must construct ways to engage students in the subject matter. This type of teaching would include opportunities for â€Å"hands-on† learning and activities requiring group work. I feel real-life examples help the students see the relevance of the material and group work will give my students valuable social and communication skills.

Ap Biology Paper

August 20, 2012 AP Biology Paper thing Daniel Gildenbrand Many scientists have contributed to the subjects of nature, evolution, medicine, and to the development of how experiments are executed. In this essay I will go over four scientists, their experiments, and how those experiments benefited the scientific community and the way we currently live our lives. These four scientists greatly contributed to science and were arguably the greatest contributors to their field of study.First, we have Francesco Redi and his famous experiments challenging the previous assumption that maggots underwent  Ã¢â‚¬Å"spontaneous generation†, a theory about the formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms, and naturally spawned from rotting meat. Redi disproved this theory with his experiments. In one of those experiments, Redi took three groups of jars: in the first jar of each group he put an unknown object; in the second, a dead fish; and in the third, a rotting piece of meat.The first group of jars was left open with no lid, the second group was covered in a woven piece of gauze, so that only air could get into the jar, and the third group was firmly sealed with a lid. After a few days of wait, Francesco noted that maggots appeared in the open jars where he saw flies had landed. The group of jars covered with the gauze had maggots on top of the gauze because the flies could smell the rotting meat so they laid their eggs there. Finally, he observed jars sealed with a lid had no maggots.With this experiment he disproved the theory of abiogenesis. His contribution to the scientific community did not end with just the results of his experiments as he was credited with the development of the â€Å"controlled experiment. † Controlled experiments changed the way we conduct experiments and greatly increased the accuracy of our results. The famous quote â€Å"Omne vivum ex ovo† (â€Å"All life comes from an egg†) is commonly associa ted with Redi’s experiments. A great contributor to the field of medicine and microbiology was Louis Pasteur.He was famous for his experiments with micro-organisms and for inventing the S-flask, which is now of great use in scientific experiments. Louis’ experiments saved the silk industry, and solved problems with the manufacture of alcoholic drinks. Most importantly, Pasteur invented the process now known as pasteurization. While working with the germ theory, which he bettered with his research, Pasteur proved that micro-organisms such as bacteria were responsible in the souring of alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine.He also discovered that microbes where infecting silk worm eggs and advocated that only disease-free eggs should be selected, which saved the industry. Another one of Pasteur’s accomplishments was when he confirmed the disproval of abiogenesis through his experiments. In the experiment, he put exposed boiled broth into two groups of S-flasks, w hich he invented to slow the growth of bacteria in test tubes. Then, he covered one of the groups of flasks with a filter designed to prevent any particles from entering the tube.The other group was group of S-flasks was left alone (the S-flasks also only allowed a minimal amount of particles to enter the tube). He concluded that bacteria only grew in the flasks after they were broken open; therefore, the microbes had to come from the outside, in the form of spores on dust particles. To counter the growth of these bacteria, he developed â€Å"pasteurization† which is a process that kills bacteria within a liquid by heating then cooling the liquid. Pasteurization is now used just about anywhere beverages are manufactured to prevent any bacteria from entering the products.Finally, Louis Pasteur’s arguably greatest contribution to science was bettering the concept of vaccination. When Pastuer was working on a problem causing chickens to die from a virus called â€Å"chic ken cholera† on a farm, he exposed some of the healthy chickens to a weaker form of the virus. After returning from a month-long vacation, Louis discovered that the chickens did not die from the disease, like the others, but had actually grown immune to the disease and were completely healthy.He applied the same principle of vaccination to a quickly spreading epidemic called anthrax. Louis Pasteur’s contributions to science were vast and if we think about it, his research has forever changed the way that we live our lives today. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who was dubbed the father of evolution. His work included establishing the fact that all species descended from common ancestors and describing a process he called natural selection in which different species struggled for life, leaving only the ones that adapted better to survive.Darwin has often been called one of the most influential figures in human history. His work undoubtedly affected peopleâ€℠¢s view on life and his theory of evolution transformed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin collected his research from many different places but his most influential research was gathered along his voyage on the Beagle. In 1831 Darwin tagged along the ship The Beagle on a survey voyage. When he got to the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that each island had similar finches that had their own distinctive features.He then noticed that these features corresponded with the environment that the birds lived in and what they had to hunt. He explained the situation with the theories of evolution and natural selection. He stated that the finches had originated from a similar ancestor and had evolved their characteristics to adapt to each sub-environment on the islands. Then, by natural selection, the finches that were better suited for their environment where left to breed and thrive on the islands. This is what we would call today, â€Å"Survival of the fittest. What Darwin acc omplished with his research is vital to the scientific community and what we learn today. His work explains why many things exist as they do and how some things came to be. Finally, we had Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered the â€Å"wonder drug† penicillin. Fleming had discovered the world’s first anti-biotic, or bacteria killer. Penicillin is a drug that kills bacteria in many forms and is widely used in medicine and is essential in healing infections. As important as penicillin may be, it was found in a very strange way.When Fleming was leaving his laboratory for a vacation, he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory. When he returned, he started to show some of the samples to his lab assistant and randomly noticed that one of the samples had grown a mold. He thought nothing of it until he also noticed that the mold had killed the staphylococci sample that was in the dish. Fleming saw that this mold had great potenti al. He spent several weeks growing more of the mold and, with the help of a colleague, he figured out that it was a Penicillium mold.He continued to run experiments with the mold and figured out that it killed many different types of harmful bacteria. But the most important characteristic of the mold was that it did no harm to the human body. Since Fleming was not a chemist, he could not isolate the actual antibacterial element within the mold and use it as medicine. Later on though, two chemists by the names of Florey and Chain managed to make penicillin a usable product. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin greatly benefited the evolution of medicine and has been a vital asset in fighting bacteria and illness.Francis Redi, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, and Alexander Fleming each greatly benefited the scientific community. Their research and discoveries allowed for great advancements in medicine, knowledge, and helped shine light on things previously unknown. Francesco Redi an d Louis Pasteur both disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Charles Darwin changed the way we view species and the natural world with his theories of evolution and natural selection. Lastly, Alexander Flemings advanced field of medicine by discovering the miracle drug of penicillin.Whether it was by Darwin giving us new knowledge on the natural world or by Redi, Louis, and Pasteur pushing medicine further, these fours scientists greatly improved our lives and forever changed the way we live them. Bibliography Francesco Redi Meat and Maggots 1. â€Å"Francesco Redi and Controlled Experiments. †Ã‚  The Church and Science:Conflict or Complement. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012. . 2. â€Å"Redi Experiment. †Ã‚  Kent School District. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Sept. 2012.

A Streetcar Named Desire and Top Girl Essay

â€Å"Man†¦cannot learn to forget, but hangs on to the past: however far or fast he runs that chain runs with him.†- Friedrich Nietzsche (German-Swiss philosopher and writer). In the light of Nietzsche’s opinion, compare and contrast the presentation of the past as a limiting factor to the identities of the female protagonists in ‘A Streetcar named Desire’ and ‘Top Girls’ Williams and Churchill present the past as a haunting spectre that threatens the characters progress in their future life. Both playwrights construct the past as an emerging chain that, parasitic like, has clinged onto the protagonists’ present and immobilised the characters ability to function and progress. The retroactive structure of Top Girls reinforces this. Marlene attempts to escape her working class roots in the city office, but the chain of her past, her daughter Angie, imprisons her in this very environment she seeks to flee. Blanche Dubois seeks refuge in her sister’s world in an attempt to release herself from the chains of her past; presenting herself as a ‘Southern Belle’ in search of a gentleman and holding on to Old Southern traditional values: she is always incongruous to New Orleans and the future America. Initially, both playwrights present the past as a route of future imprisonment for the characters. The initial exposition of Blanche’s marriage and widowing is demonstrated through the constant symbolic sound of the traditional polish Polka; also revealing Blanche’s extreme sensitivity as a woman, to her past and vulnerability as how ‘man cannot forget’. Blanche is glued to her past suffering, and deliberately forces herself to believe that her previous experiences no longer i ntimidates her, but deep down, her remembrances haunt her, infiltrating in her present and future through the subtle sound of the disruptive Polka music, slowly becoming more and more frequent, leading up to the climax point towards the end, where Blanche reaches her tragic ‘self-destruction’, where her brother in law rapes her. The texture of the polka music creates an enhanced contextual setting of the play, where the audience gains a clearer perspective of how the past reflects on the construction of each characters psyche. Blanche ‘cannot forget’ her past, but chooses to ‘hang on to it’. Her choice of constantly remembering the sound of the Polka, is a reflection of her hesitation of wanting to progress; Blanche is her own enemy, therefore being her own barrier to overcome past dilemmas. NOT SURE WHAT ELSE TO ADD Churchill presents lies as a means of liberation for Blanche. When speaking to Stella, she laughs at â€Å"myself, myself for being such a liar. I’m writing to Shep.† Blanche unambiguously admits that she in fact, is a liar; the repetition of the personal pronoun â€Å"myself† emphasises the irony in her statement; Blanche is very well aware of her past, and so chooses to lie to avoid any future consequences through exposing the truth. â€Å"†¦neurotic and corrupted, hiding from herself behind artificial illusions.† as described by Christopher Innes in John Russel Brown (ed.) 1995: 422 Blanche is face to face with Stella, she is desperate for some Alcohol and compulsively searches Stella’s house for some liquor, â€Å"I know you must have some liquor on the place!† Blanche evidently seems to feel no shame of having a â€Å"drink† near Stella but â€Å"nervously† tamps her â€Å"cigarette† however, suddenly, further in the scene, Blanche negates a drink, when stanley arrives home from work, â€Å"No, I – rarely touch it.† and lies to Stanley as â€Å"(He holds the bottle to the light to observe its depletion.)† as he has noticed that someone has drunk some liquor. Blanche clearly feels intimidated and ashamed in having â€Å"some liquor† in the presence of the Alpha male, Stanley Kowalski, and denies the drink; however, Stanley has already seen through Blanche’s pretence and comments, â€Å"some people rarely touch it, but it touches them often†. Blanche is fully aware that the first impressions are the ones that stay, especially as she has a necessity to impress men, so she knows that if she accepts the drink and has it near Stanley, her reputation as a â€Å"Southern Belle† will be destroyed. However, Blanche seems to be quite flattered to have Stanley’s attention; and without a doubt, realises that Stanley is flirting with her, and automatically switches to her ‘past’ seductive self which she initially tried to cover up. The promptness in which Blanche reacts and gives in to Stanleys’ seductive methods, clearly shows how she cannot resist being a ‘fake’ but, cannot help but giving in to her old, past desires. Critic JJ Thompson argues that Blanche is â€Å"trapped by the sins of her past,† which to an extent is true as Blanche may not have needed to create a fake past if she had not done anything wrong. She is desperate to conceal the truth about her previous record of prostitution and promiscuity. However, it is not in fact her sins that trap her, but her desire to hold on to the values of the old south, as society demands spinsters to be the â€Å"visible manifestation of the Southern gentility and purity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We have no clear trace of Stanley’s past, or what leads him into acting in such an manipulative manner, however, in contrast with Blanche, he does not show any signs of being ‘chained’ to his previous experiences, but shows some sort of complexity in his character, as he intimidates Blanche causing some sort of disruption in her care-free lies. This complexion could be the fact that Stanley’s apparent broken character is simply a male instinct of power possession and pride as a man. Critic Londrà © argues that Williams â€Å"intended a balance of power between Blanche and Stanley, to show that both are complex figures whose wants and behaviours must be understood in the context of what is at stake for them.† Felicia H. Londrà © in M.C. Rouande 1997: 50. At stake for both is something essentially selfish- escape for Blanche, sexual satisfaction and dominance for Stanley. Equally in Top Girls, Marlene’s sister Joyce clings on to her past. She still criticises Marlene’s judgement by accusing her that â€Å"I don’t know how you could leave your own child†. By referring still to Angie as Marlene’s child, suggests that Joyce has not accepted the past and this leads to the growth of her resentment and bitterness, and these sentiments are articulated through the monosyllabic tone of the language. Joyce seems to be imprisoned by her past as she has no means of prospering. The womanly domestic environment becomes Joyce’s biggest limitation and the ending, implies that she is enduringly trapped in the past, leaving her with no hope for the future. The stage direction â€Å"Marlene goes. Joyce goes on sitting,† allows the audience to perceive the visual impact the past has created between the mother-daughter relationship, and once again referring back to the post-feminist criticism of Feminist abandoning their concept of sisterhood and embracing a more materialistic society, who care ab out the individual, much like Margret Thatcher’s ideology. Blanche however, uses the figure of Shep Huntleigh to re-establish him as a potential date instead of recalling the past and classifying him as a failed lover in her life. Even though, this can be seen as a weakness of Blanche, she has not released â€Å"the chain† of her past but simply ‘covering the dirt up with the carpet’. Blanche feels enlightened through her ‘untrue’ past which is obvious as she laughs at herself. The tragic protagonist is all too aware of her lies, and seems to be gaining some sort of pleasure through her fake truths, which shows that Blanche is ultimately â€Å"just as phony as can be†. She cannot let go from her desire to be a delicate southern belle, who relies on the â€Å"kindness of strangers† like poor old Mitch, Stanley’s friend (not sure on how I can build on it without losing my point); rather than face her reality of being an ageing, penniless prostitute with a corrupt reputation. Blanche is far from being trapped by her sins; she is trapped by her desires, not for sexual satisfaction but for the past. Churchill also illustrates how the past can set the characters ‘free’. In Act 1, the protagonist Marlene gathers women who suffer with their past together, to feel liberated through sharing their experiences. This is an uncommon part of the play and though we do not know exactly where and when it takes place, we are aware that all the women in this scene are from the past of literature, art and history. Marlene’s story is ironically told through the historical character of Patient Griselda implying her promotion at work, Pope Joan taking over a male role as Marlene had in the office, Dull Gret fighting men, Isabella Bird leaving home and her family behind to independently travel and the historic character from Japan, Lady Nijo, who grew in an imperial court, as one that has her motherhood nature, debilitated due to her three traumas with child abduction; â€Å" taken the child† from the own father, the Emperor, â€Å"I saw my daughter once.† Marlene, the protagonist hosts a dinner party for her friends, where here, all the six women have the chance to share their ‘past’ experiences. When Nijo begins to recall her tragic history, her speech becomes more fragmented and the characters interrupt less while she talks about her past, â€Å"it hurts to remember the past† admits Lady Nijo. By gathering these persistent women in a celebration of Marlene’s job promotion, transmits a message that for the present to be fully valued, the past has to be reviewed. If Lady Nijo had not gone through her losses with her children, she had not learnt the value of being a mother, an independent woman and bearing children, leading her into being a Buddhist monk and living her life completely please herself and benefit her well-being. Marlene says, â€Å"how far we’ve all come†. This comment switches the past form regret to thankfulness of emerging from prejudice against women. The use of the pronoun â€Å"we† demonstrates that this progression is one that all women make together, supporting a feminist reading of the play as one which would argue that women build on successes of women of the past to achieve in future. Churchill presents women in Thatcherite Britain who are trying to establish a future focus, a new society where women were able to be in power. Blanche is too afraid to embrace this attitude to the past; it was essential in 1947 as America needed to establish a forward focus following the war, where the suffering past that women once went through, no longer hindered them in taking a stand. Alternatively, it can be argued that the past actually limits the female protagonists in both Top Girls and A Streetcar Named Desire. The structure of Top Girls reinforces this argument as the retroactive structure implies the past of these characters keep chasing after again and again, being unable to look towards the future, being barred by their past. Protagonist, Marlene ends up in her working class, domestic space and the past- which is ironic as she defines her success against her capacity to escape these things, which suggests that her success is not as valid as it might seem. Streetcar on the contrary, uses a linear structure where the action escalates towards the vertex, yet the characters such as Blanche cannot progress but tragically end up disheartened, owed to the past that limits her. Blanche does not accept the new world and holds on to her old world values of the past. Both playwrights therefore present unlike perceptions on the role of the past; Williams sees it as a form of escape and to move forward from, whereas Churchill insists on evaluating the impact it has on the present, as we end up re-examining Marlene’s success, rather than looking to the future.

Science Assignment

To investigate whether the ripening of bananas will speed up when placed with already ripe bananas in a brown paper bag. Hypothesis: The brown paper bag and already ripe bananas will ripen the unripe banana quicker. Investigation Design: The control of the experiment will be a pair of two unripe bananas which will not have any interference with their natural ripening process until the end of the experiment. The independent variable will be the presence of ripe bananas in one scenario, as well as a brown paper bag in the second scenario. The dependent variable will be the ripening of the banana.Everything else, the room temperature, type of banana, etc, will remain common to ensure the experiment is valid and reliable. To increase reliability, the experiment should be repeated. Method: 1 . Collect six unripe bananas, four ripe bananas and a brown paper bag 2. Set one pair of unripe bananas on a bench/table 3. Set down a pair of unripe bananas as well as a pair of ripe bananas, alongsi de the first pair, making sure they are at least 1 Com away from the first pair 4. Set down the remaining four bananas (two ripe, two unripe) another Com away from the previous bunch; place these in a brown paper bag. 5.Take photos of each of your three bunches, separately 6. Record your observations in a table 7. Wait a day before repeating step 5 and 6. 8. Repeat step 7 until all bananas are ripe. Risk Assessment: Be careful where you Step, there may be bananas on the floor, or other obstacles. Be careful with the paper bag, this is to avoid paper cuts. The main component of the experiment is edible; keep family members and other observers away! Results: Daly – Friday 14th June Bananas were purchased and the experiment was set up. The ripe bananas came from the same hand, as did the unripe ones. The experiment will be conducted indoors.Day 2 – Saturday 15th June The unripe bananas in all three bunches have shown a slight change in color, they are becoming more yellow . The lone pair of unripe bananas are very slightly behind the other 2 bunches. Day 3 – Sunday 1 6th June Both bunches of bananas that weren't in the brown paper bag showed that they did ripen. The bunch of bananas in the brown paper bag did show a slight, but certain, difference to the others, they are ripening quicker. Day 4 – Monday 17th June The difference between the bunch in the brown bag and the other 2 bunches is starting to become more noticeable, although this is only by close analysis. Front, they are still all fairly alike. Day 5- Tuesday 1 8th June The brown bag bananas have shown a massive difference in their ends, not so much their middle parts. The others are ripening too, but not at the same rate. Day 6 – Wednesday 19th June The lone bananas are ripening naturally and are now a satisfying yellow. The mix of ripe and unripe bananas is very slightly more yellow than the first bunch. The bunch from inside the bag is ripe too, with the already ripe bananas beginning to rot. Day 7 – Thursday 20th June Within the week, the plain bananas have ripened quite well to produce a well pipe and ready to eat fruit.The next set of bananas is just as ripe; with the originally ripe bananas starting to rot (this may be simply due to natures course). The bunch from the bag are definitely more yellow, with the originally ripe bananas getting quite a few brown marks to show the beginning of them rotting. Day of Observation Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Bunch 1 (2 unripe bananas) Green (no change) Green slight yellow tinge Green -> yellow tinge Green -> almost completely yellow Green yellow except for each end Green yellow Green -> completely yellow Bunch 2 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas)Green and yellow (no change) -Green -s slightest tinge -Yellow haven't changed -Green -> yellow tinge -Green -> almost completely yellow -Yellow are becoming a darker shade of yellow -Green yellow except for each end -Yellow are slowly browning -Green -> yellow -Green completely yellow -Yellow are beginning to show brown dots Bunch 3 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas in a brown paper bag) -Green slight yellow tinge -Green almost completely yellow -Yellow are not beginning to brown -Green yellow except for tiny part on each end -Yellow are browning -Green yellow -Yellow are beginning to rot -Green completely bright yellow Yellow are now major brown and rotten Research and Analysis: RESEARCH When bananas are harvested they are placed in a ‘ripening room' to replicate the climate conditions of heat and humidity. These conditions are constant, much like those of my experiment. Due to the set temperature of these rooms, the bananas start to respire. The ethylene given off by bananas, as well as other fruits, helps to kick start the ripening process. This is somewhat like my experiment in the sense that the brown paper bag was holding the ethylene in. This ethylene may have also effected the second bunch, although to as much be cause they did not have a bag to confine the ethylene in. The natural ethylene of bananas is the same as the ethylene artificially produced in these ‘ripening rooms.To delay ripening may remove ethylene gas, which cannot be completely done as they do contain ethylene. Placing a banana alone may help support the delay of ripening it; this is much like bunch 1 in my experiment. Even though it was indoors, the varying temperature made the ripening process differ to that of a temperature controlled room. Although this may replicate bananas ripening in a natural way to an extent. ANALYSIS Strengths: The experiment contained a control which helped with comparisons. All the controlled variables were kept the same. The 3 bunches allowed more conclusions to be made about the effects of not only a brown paper bag, but also the presence of other bananas.The photos were taken at the same time of day, to increase reliability of results. Weaknesses: Naturally, bananas ripen under sunlight, which we did not carry out. Only color, not taste, was assessed as an indicator of ripeness. The bananas may not have been sufficiently spaced to properly isolate them from each others' paving off of ethylene gas. Comments: The already ripe bananas showed a more noticeable change, which was not expected. The bananas ripened quicker than expected, which made the experiment have a shorter duration time. The difference between the three different bunches was not as significant as I expected. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis, and the research also backs up this.

Description of Four Religious Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Description of Four Religious Websites - Essay Example According to the site, Zenit’s purpose is to take advantage of the internet in order to disseminate the Catholic Church’s message. Its target audience is varied and encompasses all races, age, gender and other orientations. Its contents are reprinted in various media outlets and it also boasts of 520,000 direct subscribers. (Zenit 2010) Judging from its readership, subscription, and syndication by several media outlets, Zenit is indisputably a reputable resource for the Christian Church’s doctrines and related information. In addition to this, the site has been awarded by the Vatican with citations for its work.   Here, it is easy to for one to identify the purpose of the website. It serves as some online library for those interested in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Its slogan, â€Å"The Place Where Early Christianity Continues† also underscores how the site intends to use technology in order to propagate the religion. When one examines the site’s content, it appears that the target audiences are scholars or those people who are really interested in learning from the religion or for those who want to convert. There are important sections and materials that are persuasive in nature, using much of the corpus of its own Scripture to attract adherents and rebut other religious doctrines.Other than the authenticity of the documents found on the website there are no other indications that would uphold the credibility of the site. There are no sections, for instance, that tackled the organization.Buddhanet is a sophisticated website about Buddhism that comprehensively aims to propagate its own Scripture and doctrine through various ways. For example, there’s the news section, the online magazine, the Buddhist eLibrary, Buddhist worldwide directory, information on Buddhist monasteries as well as a Buddhist eStore

Problem solving Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem solving - Research Paper Example According to Raj et al (2014), as most organizations embrace the technology they come to a realization that cloud computing only increases value to the organization but with little challenges during adoption. Some of the notable benefits recorded with this technology include greater scalability, availability, quick access to infrastructure and reliability (Raj et al, 2014). Vendors of the cloud computing services include dell, IBM, Amazon, google, Microsoft and Oracle. IBM, one of the pioneers of cloud computing technology has been offering cloud computing to all users of the technology for the last decade. They have several products that cater for the different levels of users such as IT leaders, developers and business leaders. For instance, the Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) for integrating the IT infrastructure and applications for the IT leaders. The Platform as a service (PaaS) such as Bluemix platform enables the developers to create apps very fast. IBM also allows business leaders to run their daily business processes more efficiently and effectively using their wide range SaaS business applications (IBM, 2015). Amazon has been another major player in the field of cloud computing, they are one of the most preferred providers of private, public and hybrid cloud services. Their services are widely used by the health care organizations particularly for next generation DNA sequencing. In a recent summit in San Francisco, the company announced new services and improvements to their existing cloud computing services (Amazon Web Services, Inc., 2015). These new services include the Amazon WAM for deployment and management of apps for Amazon work spaces. Amazon has been the lead providers of cloud computing services such as the AWS and EC2 cloud services. During the summit, they introduced the AWS market place for the desktop applications. Additionally, Amazon introduced an

Management International and Comparative HRM Essay

Management International and Comparative HRM - Essay Example Globalization widens the gap between rich and poor. The implications of globalization are required to be incorporated by the governments in its policies and the companies are required to cope with it in order to survive in the industry. The public in many countries become anxious as it may affect the culture and values negatively or it may displace jobs. There are both losers and gainers in the process of globalization. There is a fear regarding globalization that it may widen the gulf between have and have not’s, strong and weak, traditional and modern (Poole, 1999, p.75). In one side, it enrich the people or countries to take the advantage or lead the process while on the other side, it will leave behind many others who will be worse or marginalized. The cultural and economic globalization is growing through many countries. The persistence of poverty, growing inequities among and within countries and the link between phenomenon’s is very strong. The external envir onment has been more significant in influencing the level of available resources and the way they are used. The thesis of strong globalization argues that the growing pervasiveness of multinational enterprises is creating a borderless world where the economic and political interventions undertaken by nation states are becoming increasingly meaningless (Briscoe, Schuler and Tarique, 2012, pp.56-57). In other words, the public policies implemented by national legislatures for regulating the activities of multinational companies are increasingly becoming ineffective. Globalization need not necessarily be bad. But it can have more negative effects on the countries that are not prepared to adapt globalization. There has been a return to... This paper stresses that the success of international human resource management in future depends on the ability of companies in developing the executives of international human resource with a broad global perspective having a global mindset, strong strategic and technical business skills and international experience. The function of international human resource management is faced with many challenges in the hyper-competitive and chaotic global market place of today. The multinational enterprises are required to confront with these issues now and in future. The vocational training is not offered there in companies and there exist few relations of union. The market is mainly based on competition. Germany has a typical structure of governance which is based on the insider forms like bank loans. There, the relations of employee are assumed for longer term and in the training process of companies, vocational training is normally offered. The market is based mainly on collaborative netw orks. The trade unions commonly exist in industry. This report makes a conclusion that the international human resource departments are required to provide and develop the support services at international level. The continuing globalization or internationalization of human resource management parallels the continuing globalization or internationalization of business. The firms are required to make its development and increase the professionalization of international human resource management to be called global human resource management.

The potential benefits for supply chain management by utilizing AHP Dissertation

The potential benefits for supply chain management by utilizing AHP for supplier selection - Dissertation Example 1993). Under such circumstances, the purchasing department plays an important role in cost reduction, of which supplier selection is an important part. To illustrate, an issue has been brought up in the case study. Leading companies need to maintain their position in market; however, cost of production constitutes the problem of company expanding or technology innovation. Supplier selection is a multi-criteria problem which includes both quantitative and qualitative factors. (Ghodsypour, S. H.,1996). The companies that still continue with the traditional method of supplier selection may lose competitiveness. Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Louis Knight, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar, who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis. Without her enlightening instruction, impressive kindness and patience, I could not have completed my thesis. I shall extend my thanks to Felix, Li for all his kindness and help. I would also like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to Mary, Liu, for doing the English typographic and corrections. Dr. Louis Knight, Aston University, Engineering and Applied Science. L.KNIGHT2@aston.ac.uk Felix Li, University of Warwick, Statistics department. felixli@hotmail.ac.uk Mary Liu, Olympia Education Service LTD. lyqlyq1688@hotmail.com Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgement 4 Table of Figures 7 Photo credit: 7 List of Tables 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Background 3 Chapter 2:Literature review 4 2.1 Supplier selection in SCM 4 2.1.1 Benefits of supply chain management 4 2.1.2 Responsibilities of the purchasing department 5 2.1.3 Supplier selection: Criteria affect choosing suppliers in supply chain management 8 2.1.4 Supplier performance of Tsingtao Company 10 2.2 Analytical Hierarchal Process 11 2.2.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process - Concept 11 2.2.2 AHP in supplier selection 12 Chapter 3:Methodology 13 3.1 Research objective 13 3.2 Research design 13 3.3 Data collection 13 3.4 Research method 17 3.4.1 Case study (why & how) 17 3.4.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 19 Chapter 4:Findings 21 4.1Characteristics of purchasing supply chain in beer industry 21 4.2 Supplier selection using AHP analysis 27 4.2.1 Building the supplier evaluation criteria system 27 4.2.2 Building judgment matrix 27 4.2.3 Defining first-level criteria weights 28 1.Calculating maximum eigenvalue of the judging matrix 29 2.B is the judgment matrix B= (b) nn 29 3.Calculate consistency test 29 4.From the table of average and random consistency criteria, it can find the necessary average and random consistency criteria RI. 29 Chapter 5:Main Findings and discussion 33 5.1 Findings 33 5.2 Discussion 35 5.2.1 35 5.2.2 Sensitivity analysis 35 Chapter 6:Conclusion 36 36 Reference 37 Appendixes 42 Table of Figures Figure 1: Current method of supplier selection 15 Figure 2: Agenda of having suppliers 16 Figure 3: Definition of terms 16 Figure 4: Criteria for supplier elevation 27 Photo credit: Cover page: http://thenextwavefutures.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/shipping_containers.jpg List of Tables Table 1: Supplier evaluation

The Market Business Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Market Business Questions - Essay Example According to the article, the price of eggs has more than tripled and this may have a similar effect on the prices of biscuits. The market for biscuits will be affected in the sense that high prices caused by an increase in the cost of an input will increase the price of biscuits. The demand for biscuits will fall drastically given the fact consumers are price conscious. According to the rule of demand, customers are willing to buy more at fewer prices and buy less at higher prices. This is illustrated by the diagram below: P D P2 P1 D Q2 Q1 Q The sale of biscuits will no longer be lucrative because businesses will be recording low sales volumes. This will result in most of the business closing down such lines of businesses or resort to importing biscuits produced outside the British market. This can be explained by the fact that foreign biscuits are produced cheaply hence less expensive. Textbook economic theory would agree with the statement â€Å"it is no longer about price, it i s about supply.† According to the law of supply, all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services offered by suppliers increases and vice versa (Altman, 2004, p. 39). Suppliers will be more willing to supply eggs given that they fetch very high prices in the market. This is to maximize profits from the supply of eggs. This is explained in the diagram below: P P2 S P1 S Q1 Q2 Q Q2. A mixed economy is characterized by the presence of both public and private institutions. The two institutions are involved in addressing the needs of consumers and solving economic challenges that may exist in the market. Consumer needs and demands can be addressed adequately when the institutions utilize existing opportunities in making goods and services available in the market. According to principles of economics, scarcity refers to a situation whereby the available resources in an economy are not adequate to meet the needs of the econ omy. This results in consumers having some of their needs unsatisfied. Depending on the demands of consumers, the government has the responsibility of analyzing and determining their level of importance in improving the welfare of the consumers. The government also determines the appropriate procedures to be used in addressing such needs. Opportunity cost can be defined as the cost of a foregone alternative. For instance, the concept opportunity is best illustrated in a situation whereby someone decides to become an entrepreneur after completing college. In such a case, the person gives up the chance of getting fulltime employment and the opportunity cost of his decision to become an entrepreneur is the monthly income and allowances attached to the fulltime job. The two concepts of scarcity and opportunity cost are very important to the government given that the government collects revenues and uses them in running the economy. The government has the responsibility of making sure th at the economy is running smoothly by spending its revenue on essential projects. Government spending should be influenced by a number of factors such as challenges, costs and benefits of such projects. The government needs to develop a list of all the projects it intends to put in place and determine their relevance to the economy (Cassel, 2002, p. 122). This means that the governme