Case Study of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the Resultant Changes

Case Study of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and the Resultant ChangesResearch inform of this case study is regarding of the Exxon Valdez fossil oil colour spill tragedy. Exxon Mobil Corporation is found on 30th November 1999 by meeting Exxon and Mobil and its the largest publicly traded companies in the world. It is in the rank of 1 or 2 for the past 5 years. By the time it reached March 1989, a worst tragedy took rear where caused by one of the largest super oil tanker in the world Exxon Valdez. 1Different crops have developed constantly in respond to changing demand for better in oil refinery. on that point a lot of moldes involve in refinery, but the iv main bear ones is refinery, separation, conversion and purification operation processes. At first the use of refinery is to create kerosene as cheaper and better comp ar to whale oil. Since all vehicles and airplane is combustion engine, it created more than needs for petroleum.The location of Prince William get is so deep in where it only can be access by plane and boat. payable to this, the government and particular industries that involve had a tough time cleaning the accident. By this major contingency, environment, scotch and social were the main aspects were affected disadvantageously. It has given a negative impact on the lifestyle of the hoi polloi in Prince William Sound.2A lot of action has been taken in the oil refinery industry after the oil spill, much(prenominal) as Operation Integrated Management agreement (OIMS), better radar corpse and slide Guard in Prince William Sound.Introduction2.1 Problem StatementBy such disaster occurring, the exposure and other(a) prevention steps would be taken by the society. Engineers will be efficient as in safety and the quality would play a big role for them in their career by discriminating the consequences of the major disaster.2.2 Objective1. The aim and objectives 2. To observe oil and refinery industrial processes and operations and learn the cause of the disaster 3. Risks of the oil spill disaster and pollution that affected all areas that lead to the oil spill disaster and pollution 4. The consequences of all the hazards of the oil spill disaster 5. To improvise and the changes in the counsel systems to prevent from the disaster to occur2.3 OverviewThis research report is a case study of the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster that took interject in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spilled around 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of Prudhoe verbalise crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. change surface before this major disaster occurred, they were risque risk of oil spill in Prince William Sound. There is still an unclear doubt why this oil spill took place. 13. Aim and objectives of Exxon Mobil CorporationExxon Mobil Corporation is merged in two companies which is Exxon and Mobil in the year of 1999. It is the wor lds largest petroleum and petrochemical company and it is also the worlds leading traded international oil and gas company. Exxon Mobil markets fuel and lubricants are to a lower place common chord brands which are Esso, Exxon and Mobil. The corporation aims and objective is divided into few sectors3.1 DevelopmentExxon Mobil is focused on serious and field of operations investment decision to find the shell solutions that can give a large amount of utility and also the same time increase the reliability and reduce the cost. Exxon Mobil is also focused on many another(prenominal) major projects which have started with the design and the operating concept and deli really.3.2 EmployeesExxon Mobil is very choosy in taking in and retaining employers. They need employers who are extremely good and get the best protrude of them. They make the best of the best by sending them to the best training. They are very committed to suffer their safety during at plumpplace. A safe work env ironment enriched by diversity and characterized by open communication, trust and fair treatment.33.3 CommunitiesExxon Mobil is understructure throughout the world. Where ever the, they are very committed to be a good cooperate citizen. They maintain their high ethical standards, obey all applicable laws, rules and regulation and also respect the culture of the divers(a)(prenominal) country. Among all those objectives above, they are more dedicated to running safe and environmentally amenable process.Exxon Mobil Corporation is self-motivated to be at the leading edge of competition in all the aspects of our business. They are very discipline and very selective in estimating the range of capital investment opportunities available to them. They create new ways such as develop proprietary technologies that provide a competitive edge. Their goals are achieved by flawlessly executing business plans and adhering to these guiding principles and the foundation policies.3.4 Shareholder sExxon Mobil Corporation is committed to enhance the long term period range of the investment dollars trusted to them by the shareholders. At the end the shareholders would be rewarded with their superior returns. The momentum of this would enhance their oversight of their Corporation. 13.5 CustomersTo remain successful in an industry, a company has to be firm to please those different wisdom customers to adapt to their needs. Exxon Mobil commits them self to offer high quality products and services at competitive prices. 1Refinery Industrial Processes and operationsFigure 1 Process Flow Diagram 4Oil refinery industry is a process where a barrel of raw crude oil that contains a mixture of all sorts of hydrocarbons, is transform it to petrochemical fuel the like petrol and diesel. All processes are through with(p) by heat, pressure and chemical reaction method. Valves and gadgets is the one regulate when the crude oil runs through many kilogram metres of pipes. Computerizes gadg ets used to monitor to deem and optimize the processes that are undertaken.Refining ProcessIn this industry, refining is the most simplest and common processes is under taken. It starts with the crude oil is been het up up to vaporize the oil in distillation tower. Naturally heavier molecules would not rise as lighting ones in the vapour and with this the vapour can condense with different levels. When the cooling process occurs at various degrees, the liquefied gasses are collected in condensation trays. By this various signs of petrochemical material are obtained. 44.2 interventionThe purpose of this process is for hydrocarbon streams to get ready for extra processing and to prepare complete products. Sometimes it includes the liquidation or separation of aromatics and naphthenic also as impurities. Chemical or physical separation for instance dissolving, absorption, or precipitation using a variation and combination of processes containing desalting, drying, hydro desulfuri zing, solvent refining, sweetening, solvent extraction, and solvent dew axing might be included.4.3 Catalytic CrackingCatalytic processes are another type of processes. It involves the breaking of heavy molecules into more priceless light molecules. For an example the breaking of low bitumen to diesel or even petrol where this process takes place in a high temperature using an alumina silicate and alumina silicate acts as a catalyst to the process and helps to break down the molecule. This catalyst is in powder form.4.6 Auxiliary operations and facilities Steam and power generation, process and fire water system, flares and relief system, furnaces and heaters, pumps and valves, supply of steam, air, nitrogen and other plant gases, alarms and sensors, noise and pollution controls, sampling, testing, inspecting, laboratory, control room, maintenance and managerial facilities. 54.4 Other Refining OperationsThis includes light-ends recovery, sour-water stripping, solid waste and wastew ater wariness, process-water treatment and cooling, storing and management, product movement, hydrogen production, acid and tail-gas treatment and sulphur retrieval. 55. Risks in all areas that lead to disaster5.1 Human faultingHuman error is the main contributing factors. The first mate or captain of the tanker chief peppermint gum was under influence of alcoholic beverage, at that time of the disaster. The captain was unable to concentrate on his responsibility. This could be avoided if the captain of the ship were more discipline during work.Hazelwood was send to alcohol rehabilitation for 28 days. The management knew about it and they followed his progress in rehab. The mistake the management did was, gave him the responsible to be a captain of vas again. Instead of reinstating such a major responsible as a captain, they should have given him desk work job.Moreover the third mate who was in charge of the vessel when the major accident occurred. This is because he had very little sleep the night before grounding and they were lacking of staff on board tanker. When the Hazelwood went to sleep, the third mate had to take in charge to manoeuvre the tanker without having enough sleep.65.2 Failure of sailplaning GuardSafe proofing method has been established and agreed between State of Alaska, the Coast Guard and the oil industry. This is to avoid human error to occur. This method works when there is a form of iceberg the border guard has to warn the captains and the captain has to slow down their tankers. However, most of the tankers did not follow to the rules including Exxon Valdez due to internet and eliminate down time.5.3 Delayed ResponseLocation of Prince Williams Sound is deep so deep in by geographical view, where can be only excessed by air or water make the reply slow. Apart from the location, the weather also played another big factor. Due to delayed response on reacting to clean the mess, the oil polluted about 2000km of cost line and abou t 26000 square kilo meters of sea was contaminated. 10ConsequencesFigure 2 State on-scene Coordinators 8A tanker with crude oil from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska collides with a let down in Alaskas Prince William Sound and 11 million gallons of crude oil spilled into one of the biggest coastlines. The horrible outcome out of the casualty could have been reduced but due to the location, it made it hard for the clean-up team and the government to react. Even Exxon Mobile did not react fast due to their unstable system in place to nap with the crisis. There is no any commitment given by Exxon Mobile to ensure that this same incident will occur again. 96.1 EconomicalThe total money to just clean the mess is approximately USD 2.1 one million million dollars and fine is USD 5 billion dollars of this was the biggest penalizing fines ever charged out to a company. The total Exxon Mobile had to single out out USD 7.1 billion dollars.Those fishermens were affected badly, till their livelihoods we re affected. They were relying on that for surviving. They lost around yearly gross wanted at USD 174 million dollars. Due to this tourism industry were affected as well. 86.2 EnvironmentalEcological system and wildlife were destroyed fully. Shoreline for 1400 miles was affected till they cant find those areas. A total of 1,015 numb(p) Sea otters, 36,466 dead Sea birds 144 dead bald eagles, 302 harbour and more than 100,000 of oiled birds. The number for dead birds was the highest equalize to Heneman oil spill happen in 1989. Some species sinked when they die, due to that the whole sea was polluted. Most of the devil dog mammals fall sick due to ingesting oil while trying to clean oil of their furs or feathers or eating intoxicated prey. 9Improvement and Changes in the Management System7.1 Operation Integrity Management SystemAfter the oil spill Exxon Mobil Corporation devised a complete 11 point plan which covers from management to employees and everything including facilities and training. Exxon Mobil use an approach where safety is a major factor. The multilevel (OIMS) covers an extensive level of element in management system. This elements could classified as leadership management in safety and accountability, design, constructing and maintaining facilities, readiness in veneering emergency, adaptation to change, continuous assessment of performance and inquiries in accident and incidents. When this policy been implemented Exxon had to go through a lot of changes and this changes lead to more improve and safe environment. This creates, Exxon Mobil to be the leader for safety in the industry. 47.2 Management LeadershipImplementation of safety starts at the management and work itself down to the labour force. This is because at the management level, the planning of the health and safety procedure is done. Thus enforcing safety measures also the responsibility of the management. This is done by identifying the risk involves followed by setting clear per formances criteria. This can be done by creating a clear risk management procedure. Once that is done the leadership in the organization should have a stern enforcement policy where every personate involve should be given proper training and additional exposure to the risk and safety measure are involve. 47.3 Construction and FacilitiesWhen designing a facilities and construction of the facilities there is different type degree of safeties. For an example when u designing a machinery or tool, in this case best relate to a building of a oil tanker. After the catastrophic disaster of Exxon Valdez, the safety emphasis on the design was changed. For an example, tankers now are re-enforced by having double hull and other safety measures are more efficient. The operation safety is emphasis by training where is given to all ship crew. For an example, navigation officers are given training in extreme condition ship manoeuvring. 4Improvement and PoliciesAfter the incident Exxon Mobil had s trict recruitment policies where all employees which are new has to go through an alcohol and drug screening. This was also implemented on existing staff and this was done after the incident. If in case there was a employee who was under the influence of any substance on board a vessel would be stopped from travel again until they can prove that they would not repeat and gone through proper rehabilitation. 4ConclusionThe terminus is Exxon Valdez was one of the major oil spill disaster. It effect of this incident was wide spread and very devastating. Resulting from a human error and negligence, many innocent people and environment was affected. From this case study it can be said that a good safety plan is required. Management also should always be responsible with their action and measures to prevent such disaster. Given the situation and late response to the disaster made the incident even worse. They were many guidelines that did not followed by the management and employees, for an example the captain who was under the influence of alcohol and the lack of crew members on board. Incident happens because of human error.The crew on board was very badly trained or not trained at all for any kind of situation. Therefore more training needed in future for all the employees, there should be always a body which monitors the training and sets on-going training for all the staffs. The management should also enforce health and safety guidelines in a regular basis. To ensure in the future there will be any similar incidents occurring. There also should be a team that ensures the maintainers of the tanker and equipment on board.The Exxon Valdez spill was a lesson well intentional by everyone especially Exxon Mobil Corporation and other oil and gas companies.