Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata

Heavy alloy Analysis on Babylonia AreolataHeavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia beolataCONTENTS PAGES1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of think1.2 Problem statements1.3 Objectives of essay1.4 Hypothesis1.5 Scope of ruminate1.6 Signifi chamberpott of study2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW3.0 tangibleS AND METHODS3.1 lead area3.2 Research instrument3.3 Sampling and have material3.4 Research procedure EXPECTED RESULTS5.0 GANTT chart6.0 REFERENCESCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND OF STUDYMollusks can be found almost everywhere on land and its habitat was including coral reef, estuaries, freshwater system lakes and in like manner rivers. Its habitat ranging from deserts to rainforests (Lydeard Lindberg, 2003). Mollusks also had been identified as an important fisheries and mari burnish food much(prenominal) as clams, scallops, abal mavin and conch instead of commercial pearl employment (Landman et al., 2001).Babylonia areolata, ivory buckler was categorized as a gastropod in family Buccinidae (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata can easily be know by its colour-pattern because it was the plainly member of the genus with three broadly separated rows of dark spots (Altena et al., 1981). This three astray separated rows of spots are visible(a) on the luggage compartment-whorl, enabling easy identification of this species (Altena et al.,1981). It can be found 10-20m deep in sandy toilet (Habe, 1997).B. areolata has a buccinoid shell with the aperture approximately half of the innate height. There are no notch can be seen from the upper part as the outermost lip of the aperture not clearly thickened inside. On the last whorl in the inner lip, a notch consisting of a strong callus can be seen for the umbilicus. The umbilicus is wide open and the sign whorls whitish follows by the reddish-brown spots on a white terra firma for the following whorls (Altena et al., 1981).The spot babylon, B. areolata which also known as the Hoy Wan in Thailand patronises a commercial fishery (Chaitanawisuti Kritsanapuntu, 1999). This species can be found in the disconnection of Thailand by three different shell colors which are brown, cream and white. The different shell colors indicate different take accounts. The brown shell has the highest price speckle the white shell has the lowest price (Hualkasin et al., 2008).High demand for the brown shell B. areolata was from China, Taiwan, Hong kong and Japan. In Thailand, the diffusion of B.areolata was different at the upper and lower Gulf of Thailand. Phetchaburi and Rayong which located at the upper gulf of Thailand only have brown shells B. areolata while in Songkhla and Pattani, all three colors are found there (Hualkasin et al., 2008).B. areolata is a well-known and nutritious food which have been a popular mollusk model utilise for the study of doughy- coat toxicity and biologic poisoning toxins transmission (Chen Chou, 1998). As the B. areolata has a potential food market in Thailand as well as in Malaysia it lead be used in this experiment to study its healthy coat contents and submergence. The purpose chosen for the model drawing of B. areolata is in Bachok, Kelantan.Table 1 Taxonomy of B. areolata.PROBLEM STATEMENTSince B. areolata are widely used for the food purpose, there should some study on the composition or content of the B. areolata itself in order to ensure it was safe for the charitable beings consumption. The B. areolata blisterings in place like beach and may consume or eat on rotund metal that comes from close industry which may become harmful when military personnel consume it. This experiment then can ground or can ensure the safety of B. aerolata for the consumption if the result of the experiments shows it flesh was having fine quantity of the straining metal which was deemed harmless to human.Heavy metal poisoning in human was resulted from the toxic accumulation of forbidding metals in soft tissues. There was some level of heavy metal that permitted in the human body which would not give any health problems to the human health. In this study, the level of the evaluate heavy metal in the flesh of B. areolata result be discover to investigate whether their level was below the acceptable amount. The concentration of the heavy metal and exposure time make the metals toxic effects move over in an organ as many toxicants tend to be bio accumulate. When they occur at certain levels, horizontal requirement elements that are critical for life, may lead to loss of organ function or dying (Goyer, 1996).This determination also important as B. areolata has the potential to become star of the ingredients for the feed preparation. If B. areolata was safe for human consumption, it also can become the ingredients for the feed production.OBJECTIVE OF STUDYTo determine the concentration of heavy metal (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury and surface) in the Babylonia areolata.HYPOTHESISH0 = B. areolata contains heavy metal concentration.Ha = B. areolata do not contains heavy metal concentration.SCOPE OF STUDYThe scopes of this research are as followOnly B. areolata which was draw from Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.Only hotshot parameter of were being used in this study, that heavy metal concentration.To determine the component and concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata.SIGNIFICANT OF STUDYThe study was important to get more knowledge virtually the contamination of the seafood which is B. areolata by the heavy metals. The importance of the study is to identify the concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata compared to the amount that permissible for the human consumption. As the contents of the heavy metal in the B. areolata was safe for human consumption, so the species can be the potential ingredients for the feed preparation.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWDistribution and play down of Babylonia areolataB. areolata can be easily identify as it has three widely separated rows of spot s which visible on its body whorl. The size of the shells can be up to 93 mm high and 52 mm broad. This species inhabits in sandy or muddy bottoms in shallow water. The distribution of this species is from Ceylon and the Nicobar Islands through the Gulf of Thailand, along the Vietnamese and Chinese seashores to Taiwan (Altena Gittenberger, 1981).B. areolata is well-known for domestic and international consumption which make it one of the economically important aquatic species. The price of this species was quite high which around 300- 350 Baht/kg in Thailand (Sutthinon et al., 2007). B. areolata testament be a target species of commercial fisheries in Thailand. Nowadays, the aquaculture activity have been increase and amend to ensure the increment and sustainability of the stock as the number and the size of mollusk catch from the Thai coast is small (Hualkasin et al., 2008).In Thailand, the expanding domestic market of seafood and increasing demand of B. areolata results to th e many interest to the commercial culture of this species. This also results due to the catastrophic decline in its populations in the gulf of Thailand. At present, the culture of B. areolata in large-scale production using the flow-through seawater system in concrete or canvas ponds shows a success for the species to survive from juveniles to marketable size (Chaitanawisuti et al., 2011). B. areolata with brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price. High demand from countries such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan is for the brown shells (Hualkasin et al., 2008)This species has been cultured and consumed widespread end-to-end Asia which can be introduce as a new commercial gastropod. In recent years, market demand for this species has increased which results to the decrease in the wild population and shortage of seed stock to support its aquaculture industry. In order to support the increasing demand, the B. areolata should be produced in high quantity and quality by artificial method (Abol-munafi et al., 2010).2.2 Category and hazards of heavy metalHeavy metal analysis on the descent food was very important studies as it will ensure the safety of the food for the human consumption. Seafood was one of the food sources that have a high risk on the contamination with the heavy metal. Seafood may live in the sea where the components of heavy metals may be dissolved in it from the many sources such as the industrial activity nearby it. Heavy metal was divide into two categorized which is biological essential and non-biological essential metals (Kie, 2013)Biological essential metal can be refers to the metal that are needed to save wide and variety range of human body functions. On the other hand, non-biological essential metals are considered to be toxic, nevertheless, modern medicine utilized them in a diverse range of applications including diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications (Dyson, 2011). most examples o f non-biological essential metal are lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and tin. All heavy metals can be toxic when they turn over the threshold concentrations (Kie, 2013).2.3 Heavy metal analysis in fishHeavy metals can harm human health by contaminating or accumulating in aquatic life and enter the food mountain chain if the contamination and exposure is significant (Fernandes et al. 2007). In addition, this heavy metal are categorizes by the United States environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) based on their potential for human exposure and health risk (Birungi et al. 2007). tip is consumed by large population especially those who live nearby the river as a source of protein and the accumulating of heavy metal in fish will be an important issues (Roshasliney et al., 2010)Fish which has low saturated copious and sufficient omega fatty acid are also important in supporting pricy health to human. Growing rates, metabolism, feeding pattern and ecological need will influence the l evel of heavy metal contamination in fish (Yilmaz et al. 2005 Yilmaz et al. 2010). Besides, the exposure of fish to heavy metals also depends on the differences in life history patterns among species (including trophic levels and geographical distribution of life stages (Allen-Gil Martynov 1995).2.4 Heavy metal analysis in bivalve and gastropodMollusks are able to accumulate heavy metals which will give a hazard to the consumers (Qiang et al., 2001). tally to Qiang et al. (2001), the heavy metal concentrations in the local seafood being monitored for many years to ensure the safety of the seafood. The study conducted by Qiang et al. (2001) was to access the current status of heavy metal pollution in shellfish usable in major markets in Pearl River Delta and to compare with the tolerable limits. The costal environments of Pearl River become contaminate with the liquid waste since the industrial development and the rapid population growth occur there (Qiang et al., 2001).MATERIAL AND METHODS3.1 STUDY AREAStudy area for this experiment is in Bachok, Kelantan.3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTInstrument that will be used for the analyzing of the heavy metal contents was nuclear Absorption Spectrometer (AAS).3.3 exemplification distribution AND SAMPLING MATERIALSample that will be collect is B. areolata3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURESample of B. areolata is collected from the sampling area which is in Bachok, Kelantan. 25 g of wet tissue of B. areolata (5 g dry weight) will be weighed out into crucible, and samples will be dried at 135 C for 2 hour to take hold a dry weight. The dry sample then transfer to a cool muffle furnace and the temperature will slowly rise to 450C-500C. The ash will be left overnight. The samples then removed from the muffle furnace and allow to cool to room temperature. Next, 2 ml of nitric acid (HNO3) will be added cautiously and swirled. The sample will be evaporated guardedly just to dryness on warm hot plate or steam bath. It then transfers to coo led furnace, and the temperature slowly rises to 450 C- 500 C and hold at this temperature for 1 hour.The crucible will be removed and cool. To obtain clean, practically carbon-free ash the nitric acid (HNO3) treatment will be repeated if necessary. 10 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) will be added and ash will dissolve by heating cautiously on a hot plate. The ash then transfers to a volumetric flaskful and hydrochloric acid (HCl) add as necessary. The ash then cool and dilute to a volume. As the sample ready, the sample will be test with Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) for the heavy metal analysis.Atomic Absorption Spectrometer general procedures consist of1. The hollow cathode lamp or electrode discharge lamp and D2-lamp were lighted if such background correction is used. The lamp current was set to the value specified by the manufacturer.2. The monochromator was positioned at wavelength 213.9 nm.3. The intensity of the hollow cathode lamp and the D2-lamp was carefully balan ced if such background correction is used.4. The burner head was aligned to assure that the center of the light send passes over the burner slot.5. The flame was lighted and the flow of fuel and oxidant was regulated to produce an oxidizing flame (lean blue).6. normalisation blank was aspirate and a zero point was established.7. Standard solutions were aspirated and a calibration curve was constructed.8. Distilled water was aspirated after each standard or sample.EXPECTED RESULTSThe B. areolata was live in deep sandy bottom which may be in sea or beach. For this experiment, the sample was draw near the industrial place. The expected heavy metals that will be analyzed from this experiment are Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) (Qiang et al., 2001). These heavy metals was hazardous if accumulated in human tissue with exceeding value that recommended by the expertise. Arsenic can be found of course on earth in small concentration. It oc curs in soils and minerals and it may enter air, water and land through wind-blown dust and water run-off. This could be the suit for the contamination in B. areolata.The cadmium can be contaminated in the B. areolata by the exposure with the anticorrosion operator used by the ship for the coat of the ship itself. As the cadmium was mostly used as the anticorrosion agent, this would be the reasons of the cadmium absorption that release from the ship coat by B. areolata. Next, for the copper, it could be released into the environment by both natural sources and human activities. Examples of natural sources are wind-blown dust, decaying vegetation, forest fires and sea spray. Apart from that, it is applied in the industries and in agriculture which eventually will contaminate the sea water.For lead, although native lead is rare in nature but the contamination could be occur due to the lead cycle results from human production such as from the car exhaust. For mercury it can found nat urally in the environment such as in metal form and mercury salts. This could be the source of the contamination. Lastly for the zinc, zinc occurs naturally in air, water and soil, but zinc concentrations are rising unnaturally, due to addition of zinc through human activities. Some soils are heavily contaminated with zinc, and these are to be found in areas where zinc has to be mined or refined, or were sewage sludge from industrial areas has been used as fertilizer. This also could be the source of the heavy metal that contaminated in the B. areolata.GANTT CHART